Pregnancy Induced Hypertension Causes and Treatments

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension Causes and Treatments Pregnancy is the gestational process compromising growth and development within a woman of a new individual from conception through the embryonic and fetal periods to birth. Pregnancy lasts for two hundred and eighty days, clinically considered forty week from the first day of the last menstrual period. Psychological changes are emotional experiences of pregnancy, as reported by a pregnant woman. Being keenly aware of the rapid and inevitable changes of the body the pregnant woman is undergoing. The nurse can help the parents in decision making about the concerns for the pregnancy. It is vital to make the mother understand the physiological processes, preparation for labour and to plan for the infant’s needs. The basic goal of antenatal or prenatal care provided by the nurses is to offer proper information to the pregnant women and the family about the current pregnancy. As well as provide emotional support, good nutritional advice and careful observation which will help the m other to achieve healthy and happy maternity period. To begin with, there are many factors that influence pregnancy which are often diagnosed during the antenatal clinic visits. The case study discussed below highlights the factor of pregnancy induced hypertension. Hypertension mostly affects pregnant women aged less than eighteen years and more than forty years. Blood pressure ranges from 140/90 mmHg to 160/110mmHg. Recently on booking, a mother came with the history of pregnancy induced hypertension. Mrs. X is twenty-four years old with the weight of fifty-five kilograms. She lives in Seaqaqa with her husband, parents-in-law and only son who is two years old. Mrs. X’s husband is a farmer, as she stays home and does domestic duties. Moreover, during Mrs. X’s initial visit to the antenatal clinic she presented the signs and symptoms which included nausea and vomiting. After diagnosis it was found that she had high blood pressure, however no other medical disorder. The blood pressure was 150/100 mmHg which showed a sign of pregnancy induced hypertension. Mrs. X does not consume kava or alcohol and does not even smoke. Upon history taking it was mentioned that after her first child she often took out some time for social life, whereby participated in netball training. According to Mrs. X it relieved stress and help her keep fit and healthy. Mrs. X was previously admitted in hospital during the delivery of the first child. However, Mrs. X neither encountered any complication for the first pregnancy nor went for any surgery previously whereas during the recent pregnancy antenatal clinic it has been found that she has hypertension. Initially when Mrs. X came to the hospital she had swollen legs, elevated blood pressure, therefore her twenty-four hours urine was taken to test for protein in urine. Proteinuria was diagnosed which was more than 0.3 grams of protein in one litre of urine. However, there was no sign of vaginal discharge, blood or amniotic fluid shown for gynecological disorder. Mrs. X had her last menstrual period on the 7th February, 2014 which lasted for seven days. The bleeding was heavy for the first three days and then became mild as Mrs. X used to have the menstruations every month in the same rhythm (severe to mild). The Pap smear test was done after two months from the first delivery as the results were normal. Mrs. X used condom as the family planning method. She is gravid of two and parity of one. Mrs. X delivered the first baby normally with a birth weight of 3.1 kilograms. In the second pregnancy she has pregnancy induced hypertension during the twenty weeks of gestation. Mrs. X is curre ntly prescribed for antihypertensive drugs by the physician. Mrs. X should deliver on the expected date of delivery which is the 14th of November, 2014. Furthermore, Mrs. X’s physical examination was done. It was done to assess fetal growth and development. Vital signs were taken as follows; pulse rate 78 beats per minute, respiration rate was 24 breaths per minute, temperature was 37.2 C and blood pressure was 150/100 mmHg. The weight was sixty-two kilograms during pregnancy therefore her body mass index was calculated as it was the leading factor to pregnancy induced hypertension complication. Blood pressure was taken when Mrs. X was resting however, it was still elevated of a reading of 148/100 mmHg. Therefore, the blood pressure was taken every two hours to see for any progress which was documented. Urinalysis was performed. During the initial visit the midstream urine was collected and sent to the laboratory for culture. Results showed protein in urine due to hypertensive disorder in pregnancy. Blood test was also done on booking for full blood count. An eye examination was done to check for further retinal changes. Liver and kidney enzyme function test was also done. The aim of antenatal care is to monitor the progress of pregnancy which optimizes maternal and fetal health. The nurse can evaluate; â€Å"physical, emotional and sociological effects in pregnancy on the women and the family† (Fraser Cooper, 2009). Some ways to achieve antenatal care are as follows; by developing a partnership with the mother. The nurse should communicate friendly in order to know more information about the problems that the mother is facing and the nurse can help in solving the problem. Secondly, by providing holistic approach to the pregnant mother’s care that meets the individual needs. Preparing the mother physically and psychologically will help her to make the choice of either for vaginal delivery or opting for a caesarean delivery because of pregnancy induced hypertension. The nurse should provide tender and loving care to the mother. Furthermore, as a nurse provide information to the mother and the family members to enable them to make informed choices about the current pregnancy. Nurses can advocate for the pregnant mother to the family about the nutritious foods and adequate rest required by the mother cause of the current health condition. As well as providing an opportunity for Mrs. X and the family to express the views and concerns about the pregnancy. Advise the mother that breastfeeding will be the best method of feeding and nutrition for the newborn baby. Nurse can explain the advantages of breastfeeding as it will be a sensitive advice to support the pregnant mother’s decision. The nurse can show the proper positioning of the baby during breastfeeding, for example; using rugby ball method. Advice the mother on buying the baby’s clothes and other required items as it will facilitate the woman and the family to prepare accordingly to meet the demands of the forth coming child. Offer parenthood education within a planned programme or on an individual basis as it will promote awareness on public health issues for the mother and the family. Giving public health advice and pertaining pregnancy in order to maintain the health of the mother and fetus. Nurses can build a trust relationship with the mother is in part of care, love and safety for the mother. To add on, nurses play a vital role when managing the health of the mother with pregnancy induced hypertension. Nurses should communicate effectively and sensitively. Redman (2007) suggests that: â€Å"understanding and self-confidence in a woman will develop her relationships with nurses† . The nurse should sit at the bedside of the mother and communicate with her, in order to understand the problems and difficulties the mother is facing. Nurses can find possible solution for the problems and help the mother in solving the problem, as it will help build a more therapeutic relationship between the mother and the nurse. Mrs. X should be advised on adequate bed rest. Though, rest does not prevent the development of pre-eclampsia. It is important to make the family members understand that, Mrs. X should lie on her left side since left side relieves pressure and symptom associated with pain, hence also facilitates venous return increasing the circulatory volume, renal and placenta l perfusion and blood pressure (Gilbert, 2007). Therefore the mother needs to have adequate rest, for at least eight to twelve hours and away from stress. If the mother has high blood pressure she can be admitted to the hospital. However, it is most preferable if the mother rests at home and visits hospital after every two weeks. Hospital visits will facilitate the nurse to check her blood pressure and compare the previous readings, check whether it is elevated, decreasing or remains the same as previous reading (150/100 mmHg). The mother’s vital signs should be taken in every clinic. Elevated blood pressure ranges from 140/90 mmHg to 160/110 mmHg shows sign of pregnancy induced hypertension. Fluid balance can be maintained if there will be reduced intravascular compartment in pre-eclampsia and poorly controlled fluid balance may result in circulatory overload and pulmonary edema (Gilbert, 2007). The nurse can use water therapy for severe edema. Water therapy helps prevent or slow the progression of pre-eclampsia. The nurse should advice the mother which diet she should take due to hypertension, which is having low salt low fat diet. Advise the mother to consume those food which are locally available rather than foods which are imported from overseas countries or canned and junk food. For instance, locally available food includes pumpkin, cabbage, fish, bean and many more. Educate the mother on food which contains iron, fibre, vitamins and protein as it is good for the mother’s health and for the growing fetus. â€Å"Prophylactic fish oil in pregnancy may perform as an anti-platelet mediator, thereby it prevents hypertension and protein uric pre-eclampsia†. (Redman, 2007). Pregnant mother should consume at least eight glasses of water per day is important for her. Calcium supplement reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia especially of patients that have diets deficient in calcium. Exercise is also important for Mrs. X and the growing fetus. Nurse can teach the mother on some exercises which the mother can practice like kegel’s exercise. Exercise will keep the mother and fetus healthy and it will also help in contraction of uterus muscle. This will help mother feel comfortable and less painful for normal vaginal delivery. Exercise will also reduce stress and provide healthy and refreshing body and mind. Health care professionals can also help the nurse in managing the pregnant woman in various ways. Other health specialist can get together and collaborate what kind of treatment the mother should get to reduce pregnancy induced hypertension and have a healthy baby. Firstly, the radiologist (x-ray) department, can scan and the check for gestational age of the growing fetus. They also check the health of fetus and document the fetal movement and fetal kicks. Change in the number of frequency may mean the fetus is under stress. An ultrasound scans for measurement of fetal movement, fetal kick and direction of fetal position. Laboratory technicians can do the mothers blood test and urine test. Serology department would experiment the 24 hours urine collection, to found out whether it has protein present in it. Physical examination of urine can rule out the level glucose, protein content and ketones. Microscopic examination of urine, which will show blood cells and microorganisms. The hem atology department does full blood count, that includes hematocrit, Hemoglobin level, red blood cell and white blood cell count. Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cell mass in mother’s blood volume. Hemoglobin is the main cellular component contains red blood cells. The physiotherapist can help mother by teaching Mrs. X some exercise which will be helpful and effective for her. Bed exercises increases the blood flow, keep the muscle toned, leg exercise for example foot circles at least two times daily, kegel’s exercise and abdominal tightening exercise which keeps abdominal muscle tone. Kegel’s exercise can be done at least five times daily because it helps prevent the loss of muscle tone which occurs after child birth. This exercise involves contracting muscles around vagina holding tightly for ten seconds and then relaxing for two seconds, the woman should be work up for thirty contractions. Moreover, the dietician can also advise the mother on low salt low fat diet. Advises the mother to use salt as needed for taste, and that adequate nutrition is important for pregnant mothers eating a nutritious balance diet containing high amounts of calcium, magnesium, and iron, vitamins, less sodium, folic acid and increase amount of protei n to take. As it reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia especially in patient who have diet deficit, avoid beverages containing caffeine and drink six-eight glasses of water per day is also important because it reduces the risk of dehydration and improves proper blood circulation which reduces risk of pre-eclampsia. Hence, a counselor can also counsel the parents on the antenatal care which should be provided to the mother. The prenatal education should focus on the positive labor and birth experiences and ways in which the mother can have decreased blood pressure. Advice Mrs. X if she has any fever, rupture of membrane or leak of fluid, decrease fetal movement, vaginal bleeding, feeling of nausea and vomiting as to immediately complain to the nurse before any further complications arise. Since the mother is a non-smoker and non-alcoholic it is better to advise her to stay away from anybody smokers and not to consume alcohol so that it does not affect the growing fetus. Provide information about breastfeeding techniques which is very supportive approach. â€Å"Expected length of breastfeeding is an important prenatal factor associated with breastfeeding period†. (Pairman, Pincombe, Thorogood Tracy, 2006). Due to increase breastfeeding duration there will be increased maternal confidence in breastfeeding and handling the child. Child birth education is also important for the mother. This provides opportunity for enhancement of family systems and can facilitate the family to empower behavior that lasts longer. Furthermore, a dentist is needed to check oral care of the mother, where the dentist can check for any decaying tooth or paining gums. This can cause pain and headache and increase the mother’s blood pressure. Treatment could be given accordingly. As the dentist can advise the mother about proper oral care, for instance; on brushing her teeth twice daily this will be healthy. In evaluation, after the diagnosis it was found that Mrs. X had pregnancy induced hypertension. Mrs. X tried herbal medicines and followed all the nursing management which was advised to her. Though there weaknesses, which include; family members were not allowing her to come to hospital alone, mostly her mother-in-law accompanied on the antenatal clinic visits which became a hindrance for Mrs. X while expressing her views and concerns. Hence, a few times Mrs. X does not have enough money to pay for the fare since her husband was inco-operative. At certain times due to fear, anxiety and stress Mrs. X was unable to express the problems which made it difficult to exam her problems. Though Mrs. X had some weaknesses but she tried her best to co-operate with the nurses so that she has a healthy maternity period and at last to have a healthy baby. After providing successful interventions, the strength of Mrs. X was also shown as she tried to follow all the steps given by the nurses so tha t she can have a healthy baby. (Approximately: 2,498 words) References Cooper, M. A., Fraser, D. M. (2009). Myles: Text book for Midwives. (15th ed.). Churchchill Livingstone: Elsevier limited. Gilbert, E. S. (2007). Manual of High Risk Pregnancy Delivery. (4th ed.). The United States of America: Mosby, Inc. Pairman, S., Pincombe, J., Thorogood, C., Tracy, S. (2006). Midwifery: Preparation for  Practice. Australia: Ligare Pty Limited. Redman, B. K. (2007). The Practice of Patient Education: A Case Study Approach.  (10th ed.). Missouri: Mosby. Weber, J. C. (2003). Maternity: Parenthood Education Approach. Retrieved June 17, 2014 From http://books.google.com.fj/books?id=4CYJb8rW2rYCpg=PA28dq=pihhl.

Nursing †Statement of Purpose Essay

In life there is the path imagined & the path followed. The difference between these two paths is our experience. My experience on the path to becoming a Registered Nurse began in the fall of 1998 at West Chester University. For as long as I could recall I was possessed of an unmitigated passion for taking care of others. This passion, I was sure, this joy I found in helping others that seemed so much a part of who I was, would propel me through my undergraduate classes. In four years, I assumed, I would have a degree, would be starting a career as a professional nurse. This, the path imagined, was so clear. Then there was the path followed. The idea that life is not to be lived for selfish ends but for the principal benefit and aide of others was instilled in me by my parents, both of whom immigrated to the United States from Vietnam at the close of the war. They arrived with no money and but a few sets of clothing. What they lacked, however, in material wealth they compensated for with devotion: to each other, to their children, and to those traditions that they brought with them from Vietnam. Born in America, but raised in a traditionally Vietnamese household, there were many points of friction. My parents often kept me home on the weekends to help with chores. A great emphasis was placed on academics and a great much of my day-to-day living was scheduled or spoken for without my input. Admittance to West Chester’s University’s nursing program was predicated on the completion of several pre-requisite courses. Their completion, however, did not guarantee immediate acceptance into the program. No longer bound to those traditions of family which had seemed so overwhelming, overbearing even, and suddenly unable to move forward in my studies, I drifted into the more social aspects of college. My grades reflect this: a person who has done so much correctly, so much for others, suddenly unable to help herself. Frustrated, I dropped out of college in the summer of 1999. Things had changed. I had changed. After the freedom of college, I couldn’t live at home. I left. I’d scarcely unpacked my overnight bags from the hospital when the vomiting started. I changed formulas. Changed milks. Changed everything a new mother would think to change. I would have changed the wallpaper if I thought it’d make a difference. My son, eight days old, would not stop vomiting. The surgery he  required to clear the bowel obstruction took just over 4 hours. The doctors told me that the obstruction, his developing it so early, could have long-term repercussions, could mean more bowel obstructions in the future. Was this the path? I made a phone call. I moved back home with my parents. I got a part-time job to help pay a share of their mortgage. In turn they looked after my son so I could attend school full-time. When I returned to school, this time to Delaware County Community College, in 2003 it was as a single mother with a two-year old boy and the understanding that though the path had certainly changed, it was still my path to make. I had received my certification as a medical assistant, but immediately came to realize the role’s many constrictions. The opportunities to create quality relationships with patients & to positively affect their care seemed so minimal, so fleeting. Filing charts, taking vital signs, these things were certainly important, but in the role of medical assistant it was all so abstract. I am always thirsty for knowledge, but more importantly, for understanding. I knew then more than ever that I wanted to take on the role of the Registered Nurse. I transferred from Delaware County Community College to Drexel University and was immediately accepted into the nursing program. The path was clearing, I thought. That the obstructions would return just as he was entering Kindergarten and I my first semester at Drexel University was nothing I could have ever known but still wish I had. My son had gone years without issue, had grown happy and healthy. When the vomiting returned it was with a vocabulary. My son now cried tears of hungry and of pain. There were more hospital admissions, more surgeries, more bends in the path. In the meantime my employer began requiring a strict part-time schedule. It was my job or my education. I knew, though, that the financial stress, however great, would be, could only be, short-lived. I was devoted: to my son & my family, to my education & my happiness. In my third year at Drexel the path was straightening, clearing. I received an offer from Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania to work on the Neuroscience Unit as a Nurse Extern. The value of such an opportunity was incalculable. I did not know anyone in Philadelphia’s major hospital networks or health care facilities. I could rub no shoulders or scratch no backs. I knew, though, after so many clinical hours, that that was precisely where I wanted to be, that my ambition was to be a bedside nurse. Travel  arrangements, however, prevented me from being able to get to the hospital and so it was instead arranged that I would work at Penn Presbyterian Medical Center as a Pool Nursing Assistant. I worked hard and in doing so tried to let my work ethic, my growing knowledge base, my approachable nature, communicate what so few words can: passion. True passion. The passion that propelled me as a single mother to provide the best for my son while honoring my parents. The passion that grounded me, that centered & focused me, humbled me, and that, at last, brought me to the end of the path imagined. My degree, my job as a Registered Nurse in the Penn Presbyterian Coronary Care Unit, my son’s health, my parent’s love: these were the manifold ends of single path, my path, a path I walk with passion.

The Beginnings Of Intellectual Property Rights - 1630 Words

Beginnings of Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual property rights will remain a part of international trade agreements in the future, but the global activity will likely be characterized by varying standards and improved enforcement, reflecting evolution in social, cultural and political attitudes, and a deeper understanding of the relationships among innovation, creation and the more efficient distribution of intellectual property. Increased cooperation might occur at the governance level. Many of the fast and unprecedented changes in intellectual property law and policy over the past two decades are due to their intersection with international trade and the numerous international trade agreements negotiated and brought into force†¦show more content†¦Underlying this activity are changes to intellectual property rights laws and policies. The following are the major enforcement inadequacies in the protection of intellectual property rights: No preliminary or final inju nctive relief, lack of seizure and impoundment relief, lack of exclusion of infringing imports, lack of compulsory court process and/or discovery, inadequate civil remedies, usually in monetary dam ages, limits on recoveries preclude deterrent effects, fine or other criminal penalties inadequate, unreasonably slow enforcement process during which illegal activity continues, enforcement officials systematically discriminate against foreigners, training and resources for enforcement inadequate, court decisions biased or political, and corruption. The efforts to protect intellectual property rights suffer from three major problems: institutional issues, philosophical issues, and handling of new technologies. The institutional issues refer to the shortcomings of existing regimes and their enforcement. To begin with, the signatories to specific agreements are limited. Thus, countries that are not a part of the agreement do not have to subscribe to its provisions. Further, the agreements lack enforcement powers. In addition, the agreements per se are limitedShow MoreRelatedIntellectual Property And Computing Technology1207 Words   |  5 PagesIntellectual Property through the development of computing technology Intellectual Property refers to any original creative work manifested in a substantial form that can be protected. When an intellectual property right is mentioned, it refers to controlling the manner in which intellectual property is used, distributed or accessed. The intellectual property right is enforced by the World Intellectual Property Organization which is an organ of the United Nations. The organization holds that intellectualRead MoreLand Rights And Property Rights1006 Words   |  5 Pageschose for our assigned is ‘property rights’. 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What I Hope Is A Very Long Time - 1474 Words

Hands red, stinging, raw, with use. Sweat instantly formulates on my forehead. Laughter fills the air as children climb their way down the steps off the beaten up school bus. Looking left towards one of my best friends I can tell her crooked teeth glimmer after I finish telling my â€Å"favoritest joke ever!† Fourth grade wasn’t the start of this everlasting friendship, but time blossomed the friendship that has grown today. These are my people; this is our story. Four specific people have been placed in my life to stay for, what I hope is, a very long time. Jenna Van Wyk, Emily Deinken, Makayla Vander Zwaag, Noel Reece, and I are bordering indivisible. Our story hadn’t started altogether, but as time went on we were able to collect each†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"You tried that already; the last time we didn’t get any sweet streets. I’m not doing it. 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Though they were in the presence of conflict, distress, and pure evil for such a long time, a majority of them never lost hope even in the most difficult conflicts and lived to see the day when they were finally set free. Whilst some characters such as Rosemary, whom was confronted with conflict, lost all hope and as a result

Business and Social Responsibility Essay - 406 Words

Business and Social Responsibility It is widely known that for a business to be successful it needs to provide a good or service that is desired by the public and also to obtain a profit in providing said good or service. Now while these are the most important components to a successful business, they are not the only ones. The social responsibilities of a business include the following: environmental protection and preservation, employee safety and morale, product safety for the consumer. The financial manager must keep these three social responsibilities in mind when making any and all decisions. The environment has become a big issue over the last 30-40 years, especially for the businesses that may negatively affect it.†¦show more content†¦In turn this bad publicity has negatively affected the business and in a lot of cases, caused the business to fade away. It is the job of the financial manager to oversee these environmental issues and make socially responsible de cisions not only to avoid bad publicity, but to do their part in aiding the environment in a financially sound manner. A businesss employees are probably the most important part of the organization. In short, if there is something that hinders the performance of the employees the whole company suffers. Providing a safe and stimulating work environment is another thing that a financial manager should do to efficiently and effectively turn out a superior product. By keeping employee accidents to a minimum a business will avoid costly lawsuits and down-time. Every business must realize that an unsafe product will not last in the open market and will, in the long run, cost more money to correct. The financial manager must understand that, above all, the product must be safe. He/she must decide the most cost-effective manner to manufacture the product and also have it deemed safe to use. I believe that this detail of product safety should be addressed very early on in the production process, as should the other two. In conclusion, a business has an obligation to return something to society. Although the financial managers main purpose is to acquire and control funds efficiently and effectively to maximizeShow MoreRelatedThe Social Responsibility Of Business932 Words   |  4 PagesA corporation does do business within a vacuum; rather exist as part of larger collective framework of society, stakeholders and a global business community. 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Furthermore, he argued that companies with responsible attitudes were likely to encounter increased binding constraints unlike those that lacked these attitudes, resulting in them becoming less competitiveRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business787 Words   |  4 Pages The economist and Nobel laureate Milton Friedman’s article published in The New York Times Magazine in 1970 titled, â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.† (NYTimes, 1970) set tone for companies all across the country and all over the world. Companies start to turn in profits that shattered all charts and stock markets. Beginning in 1960s to 1990s, Capitalism had won the cold war with its arch rival the Soviet Union had withered away into the oblivion and the companiesRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthe business be held accountable for these actions? In his essay â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profit† Milton Friedman, powerful economist, discusses what a business should prioritize in the economic system. Friedman declares what a business is responsible for and the guidelines they must follow. Due to Friedman’s view, he would not have condoned the actio ns and decisions that the executives at Ford Motor Company took. Friedman argues that the only responsibility a businessRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business2053 Words   |  9 Pagesevolution-taking place; now the level of a business social responsibility has become increasingly integrated into modern business practices. This focus has seen both advantages and disadvantages to the business. However, to what extent has the use of the greater focus of a business social responsibility affected its competitive advantage in its marketplace. CSR is described as; â€Å"the principle that companies can and should make a positive contribution to society, of managing the social, environmental and economicRead MoreSocial Responsibility Of A Business1444 Words   |  6 Pagesareas of business and nonprofit management. However, Cohen’s article on social responsibility drew a lot attention from other scholars like Friedman. In view of this, this paper will discuss and define the concept of social responsibility of a business to its workers, stakeholders, and society; how the perspectives align with that of Drucker; comparing Cohen’s opinion with that of Friedman and finally determines which of the two individual’s opinion best aligns with the current business climate promotingRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business Essay1959 Words   |  8 Pagesagree or disagree with the following quotation: â€Å"There is one and only one social responsibility of business—to use its resources and engage i n activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say engages in free and open competition, without deception and fraud.† Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize winning economist. In other words, the social responsibility of business is to make a profit. I do not agree with the following quote by Milton Friedman

Discussing Planned Nursing Interventions Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The survey was supported by other survey like Kersting M. , Sichert-Hellert W. , et. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussing Planned Nursing Interventions Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now al. , ( 2008 ) conducted a survey on nutrient and alimentary consumption, nutritionary cognition and diet-related attitudes in European striplings. To supply an overview of methods used to measure nutrient and alimentary consumption, nutritionary cognition and diet-related attitudes in the healthy life style in Europe by nutrition in adolescence cross-sectional survey ( HELENA-CSS ) , with selected consequences from the feasibleness survey. To measure nutrient consumption in 13 to 16 twelvemonth old striplings, a antecedently developed computing machine assisted and self-administered 24 hr callback was adapted for international usage. Food ingestion informations were linked to national nutrient composing databases to cipher energy and alimentary consumptions. To measure nutritionary cognition in students non holding any particular ( trained ) instruction refering nutrition, a 23-item validated multiple pick questionnaire was adapted. To measure eating attitudes, behavior and / or put ative jobs with organic structure weight in striplings, a validated stock list covering 60 inquiries or statements was adapted for the survey. in a feasibleness survey, instruments, informations aggregation and processing were tested in one school category in each of the 10 take parting European metropoliss. The feasibleness survey provided plausible consequences, rather consistent between states. Against this background and for the first clip, standardized and unvarying methodological analysis was made available for the chief survey to measure and qualify dietetic consumption, nutritionary cognition and eating attitudes. The survey was supported by other survey like Eyles, H. , Mhurchu, CN, et.al. , ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on nutrition instruction resources for a multiethnic population in New Zealand. A general inductive attack was applied to place common subjects around participants understanding and ideas on relevancy and utility of the bill of exchange resources. Feedback from focal point groups was used to modify resources consequently. Five subjects emerged across all focal point groups and guided alteration of the resources: ( I ) perceived higher cost of healthy nutrient, ( two ) trouble in altering nutrient buying wonts, ( three ) deficiency of cognition, understanding and information about healthy nutrient, ( four ) desire for personally relevant information that uses ethnically appropriate linguistic communication and ( V ) other barriers to healthy feeding, including limited handiness of healthy nutrient. Many issues affect the likeliness of purchase and ingestion of healthy nutrient. These issues should be taken into history when developing nutritionary stuffs for New Zealanders and perchance other multiethnic populations worldwide. Objective – 3: To Assess and compare the average pre-test and post-test pattern mark on healthy nutrient wonts among samples. In this survey the pretest and post-test pattern was assessed by cheque list on healthy nutrient wonts among samples. The assorted facets of pattern includes, washes custodies before holding snacks/lunch, conveying healthy bites, conveying healthy tiffin, puting the towel on the lap, eating the nutrient without spilling, ate nutrient wholly, etc. The pre-test mean per centum pattern mark was 72.85 % . After measuring the pre-test patterns Planned Nursing Invention was implemented to the samples. The post-test mean per centum pattern mark was increased to 93.5 % . The mated ‘t ‘ value for pattern was 10.34* and table value is ( t39=2.021 ) it shows that it was important at piˆ?0.05 degree. To analyze the Zakdad Zymenia, ( 2006 ) conducted survey effectivity of dietetic intervention in kids a simple fleshiness on the prohibitions of thorough analysis of their slate of nutrition method of eating wonts and impact of other environmental facts. The consequence showed that simple in kids aged 3-15 old ages is connected familial and environmental factors, including in right eating wonts. Objective-4: To find the association between the average pretest patterns among samples with their selected demographic variables. In this survey, the association was analyzed by utilizing chi-square between average pretest pattern among samples with their selected demographic variables. The determination shows that there is no important association between pretest pattern with their gender, educational position of the female parent, and occupational position of the female parent at piˆ?0.05 degree. The above findings was supported by the survey conducted by Elpydes, ( 2002 ) survey. It included demographic information on age, school and class, sex, nationality of parents and grownups populating with the pupil. The consequence is satisfactory ( i2 = 0.64 ) while its repeatability was tested and verified at an earlier phase in a sub-sample of 50, 5th and 6th class simple pupils. Summary This chapter dealt with the treatment of the research findings with support survey, findings based on each aim. How to cite Discussing Planned Nursing Interventions Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Ethics Research Indian Journal Dermatology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Ethics Research Indian Journal Dermatology? Answer: Introduction In the current commercial sector, in the global framework, with increase in the complexities and variability in the business operations of the enterprises, transparency has become one of the primary issues of concern among the participants in the commercial operations. Transparency and clarity in business operations are of utmost importance not only for stakeholders who invest on the companies, but also for the companies themselves as a lot of their goodwill and future prospects are dependent on the trust and loyalty of the investors and shareholders as well as their clients. A clear, inclusive and timely reporting of the financial and other business activities is therefore an important task on part of the commercial enterprise (Cohen et al. 2012). The research proposal takes into account the viability and appropriateness of integrated reporting mechanism in this aspect. Importance of Integrated Reporting: In any kind of business for proper and smooth running of the business operations and for achieving cost efficiency and economies of scale in production, to increase the sustainability and future prospects of the commercial enterprises, it is important to keep a clear monitoring tab on the financial and overall commercial operations of the enterprises. This can be done in the form of forming a comprehensive and all-inclusive compact report on a regular interval (Busco 2014). The reports, published by the enterprises are usually made available to all the stakeholders and they act as an important tool for the purpose of decision making on part of the stakeholders with respect to the amount to investment, where to invest and when to invest. In this context, various forms of corporate reporting have evolved over the years, as per the needs and changes in the dynamics of the global business activities. These reports are of both financial and non-financial in nature. However, though corporate reporting has evolved a lot with time and has incorporated many of the complexities and changed nature of business operations, there are still several crucial gaps existing in most of the corporate reporting mechanisms (Ioana and Adriana 2013). Most of these reports, though take into accounting the major financial and corporate details, fail to mostly take into account the underlying economic insights and non-monetary aspects of doing business, which also play significant role in determining the prospects of the companies in short term as well as in long term. The reports also fail to take into account the externalities (both positive and negative) that occur in response to the activities of these enterprises (Brown and Dillard 2014). These gaps in corporate reporting, which causes problems in decision making process of the stakeholders, give rise to need for a more inclusive and versatile reporting, which in its turn indicates towards implementation of integrated reporting, which, in one document tries to make a holistic representation of the financial and non-financial aspects of the commercial enterprises. This form of reporting thus, poses as an effective method of communication and stakeholder management and thus, is an area of interest in the field of research regarding improving efficiency in accounting aspects (Eccles and Krzus 2014). Research Question: The concerned research deals with the primary question of the efficiency and viability of the mechanism of integrated reporting as a robust alternative to the existing conventional methods of accounting reports that are undertaken by the enterprises. The research emphasizes on the efficiency of this type of reporting in the field of transparency and sustainability of the business; operations of a firm and also tries to analyze the impact of such reporting on the stakeholders business behavior and there communication with the commercial enterprises. In simpler words, the purpose of this research is to see how efficient a tool this integrated reporting can become in the aspect of stakeholder management and accountability of the commercial enterprises. Literature Review: Integrated reporting, as a alternative form of corporate and accounting report tool, came into existence in a very recent period. However, though this issue is getting considerable attention in the current period, not many literature and works are available in this aspect across the world. Nevertheless, several crucial and extensive research has been done in this aspect, which have considerable significance in developing this form of corporate reporting as a robust mechanism, taking into account its prospects, feasibility and limitations to work upon (Frias?Aceituno, Rodrguez?Ariza and Garcia?Snchez 2014). De Villiers, Rinaldi and Unerman (2014), in their extensive research paper on integrated reporting and its insights and gaps, takes into the importance of social and environment reporting in the business world and shows the historical path of transformation of the forms of commercial reporting. It also shows the , in this context, need and the emergence of integrated reporting as a different and potential form of a comprehensive corporate reporting in the contemporary business world. The authors take into consideration the different concepts of accounting and accountability research with regards to the fast expanding domain and increasing popularity of integrated reporting. They also stresses on the limitations of this comparatively newer form of corporate reporting and provides useful insights regarding the areas which need developments in this regard and the steps which can be taken for improvisation of integrated reporting (Parrot and Tierney 2012). In undertaking any kind of mechanism for forming a robust and inclusive report which reflects the performances as well as the prospects and sustainability of a company, it is necessary to focus on the construct of such report. What areas should be included and which aspects of the financial and non-financial operations and performances of the commercial enterprises are to be taken into account such that the report comes to use to the stakeholders of the concerned enterprise are important issues of concern. Abeysekera (2013), ventures into this arena in his scholarly works. In the research paper, the author gives an elaborate outline of the concept of the integrated reporting and also provides a proposed template of integrated reporting which can be taken into account by the commercial enterprises. This paper is one of the pioneers in the aspect of providing an impressive template regarding integrated reporting and is therefore, expected to be of immense contribution in the concerned research regarding the viability of implementation of this form of reporting in the business frameworks in the global scenario. The impact of this form of reporting on the overall performance of the firms undertaking this type of reporting is seen in the paper of Lee and Yeo (2016). According to the authors, there are direct and mostly positive implications on the valuation of the enterprises, which are undertaking this form of reporting. The paper also asserts on the notion that if the integrated reporting is done appropriately, then it will not only benefit in making the performances of the enterprise transparent to the clients and the stakeholders but will also help in making the production process of the enterprise more cost effective. This is because, as the author suggests, a proper construct of integrated reporting helps to take into account the financial as well as the non-financial, external and the environmental factors which affect the commercial and production operations of the enterprises. Churet and Eccles (2014), also takes into consideration the positive implications of integrated reporting on the overall increase in the efficiency and prospects of the business organizations and their improvement in performances. The paper categorically focuses on the implications of this type of business reporting on the communication aspects with the stakeholders and ventures in the arena of management of the stakeholders and increase in the accountability of the enterprises that can occur if this type of reporting mechanism can be endured by the commercial enterprises. Therefore, the arena of venturing of this paper is very close to that of the primary research domain and the research question of the concerned study and this paper can be of important reference for the same. Integrated reporting, being a very new concept in the corporate domain and still remaining unexplored to a substantial extent, there can be many areas of limitations or drawbacks in this aspect. Just like the papers asserting the positive aspects of this type of reporting, there are also scholars and researchers who are not quite optimistic regarding the viability of this kind of integrated reporting. In his paper, Steyn (2014) took into the perceptions of the primary potential users and makers of this kind of reports that is the chief financial officers, regarding the cost effectiveness of implementing integrated reporting in the business activities of the organizations. According his findings, the cost of implementation of such form of reporting can actually surpass the benefits that are to be accrued from these reports and thus, the author raises a vital question regarding the feasibility of such form of reporting for the commercial enterprises, especially those which are driven b y profit motives. To make the research a robust interpretation regarding this form of reporting, this article can be of significant usage. In this context, Flower (2015), talks in favor of the views put forward by Steyn (2014), but from a different perspective. In his paper, he takes the reference of the performance of the International Integrated Reporting Council from the time of its establishment in 2010. As per the findings of the paper, it can be seen that though the basic objective behind setting up this council was ensuring incorporation of sustainability in the accounting and overall reporting of the corporate performances of the enterprises, within a short span of time, the council got entangled in regulatory and constricting norms. This in turn caused a deviation of this body from its basic objective and purpose, as suggested by the author. Thus, the literatures, reviewed above are relevant to the research objective and they can be referred to, while conducting the research, for the purpose of taking guidance and incorporating the ideas as well as the hurdles which are expected to be encountered while doing the same. Accounting Theories relevant to Integrated Reporting: In the context of construction of integrated report and for studying the applicability of this kind of reports for the commercial enterprises, it is required to see their viabilities with reference of the theoretical framework and the existing accounting theories. Any measure or new implementation of any framework without a robust theoretical support can create problems, both anticipated as well as unanticipated. The research, therefore, tries to take into account several key accounting theories like agency theory, stakeholder theory and also the theory of stewardship and tries to analyze the working and implications of integrated reporting in the perspectives of these theories individually (Hahn and Khnen 2013). Agency Theory: Based on the Neo-Classical Framework, the theory deals with the notion that all the financial and non-financial activities and liabilities of the commercial enterprises are taken into account. It keeps into consideration that the main objective of any kind of business activity is to maximize the benefits and the welfares of the shareholders who are connected with the concerned enterprises (Ballwieser et al. 2012). Working on the assumption of disparity in information existing between the agent and the principal, the theory requires the construction of a wholesome information system. This system should be enabling enough to work towards ensuring transparency in business operations as well as maximizing the profits of the enterprise and the overall welfare of the agents attached to the concerned enterprise. Therefore, this theory indicates towards a form of reporting similar to the concept of the integrated reporting (Bosse and Phillips 2016). Stakeholders Theory: This theoretical concept deals with the role of the presentation of the social information in building the communications and relations between the different agents involved in a particular commercial activity, including the shareholders, the government and the society as a whole. The model looks into the aspect of accountability of all the agents participating in the business activities. This therefore, also has relevance in the context of integrated reporting and thus will be taken into account in the research (Harrison and Wicks 2013). Stewardship Theory: According to this theory, the main purpose of the managers of the commercial enterprises is not to work towards the achievements of their personal goals, but to work towards the fulfillment of the organizational objectives, which are set to maximize the overall welfare in the broad spectrum, under the framework of the principles. Thus, for this purpose and for the fulfillment of the broad goals, as suggested by the Stewardship Theory, integrated form of reporting can come in handy as an important tool. Therefore, this theory is also incorporated in the concerned research regarding the integrated reporting as a whole (Segal and Lehrer 2012). Methodology: As the research is mainly on the viability of integrated reporting in the current business world, as a robust and better alternative to the existing reporting methods, it is important to take into account the theoretical as well as the practical perspectives regarding this scenario. The research therefore aims to form a strong theoretical construct the feasibility, need, applicability and areas of further development of integrated reporting management (Brinkmann 2014). Along with that the need to incorporate the views of the relevant personnel, who are directly or indirectly linked or affected by this kind of reporting, is also felt in this context. For incorporation of their views, the research aims to undertake comprehensive interviews of qualitative nature, of such personnel, in order to increase the strength of the study (Silverman 2016). The following are the several key questions, which are aimed to be put forward to these people in this context: What type of corporate reporting and accounting is best for the commercial enterprises? Why the method suggested by the person is the most appropriate one in his or her opinions? What are the benefits of the suggested form of reporting from the perspectives of the stakeholders? What are the drawbacks of such forms of reports? What is persons idea about integrated reporting? Can integrated reporting be a better alternative to the existing conventional forms of reports? What are the prospects of integrated reporting regarding the accountability of the firms? Will implementation of integrated reporting increase the benefits of the stakeholders? What are the drawbacks of implementation of such form of reporting by the corporate organizations and what are the hurdles that they are expected to face in this context? What are the measures which can be incorporated to make integrated reporting a more robust and wholesome mechanism of presentation of the useful financial as well as non-financial information? Ethical Approval: For undertaking and conducting any research, it is of immense importance to know about the ethical requirements that are needed to be met while carrying out the research, for which the following steps are to be taken: Ethical approval is required to be taken from the ethical body of the institute, for which the application will be done (Singh 2012). Cooperation regarding the risk assessment of the project, which will be done by the ethical body, is promised on part of the researcher. After the approval of the ethical body, the permissions should be sought from the persons who will be interviewed. The permission will be in a written format with their signature taken as a sign of their consent to give interview (Liamputtong 2013). References Abeysekera, I., 2013. A template for integrated reporting.Journal of Intellectual Capital,14(2), pp.227-245. Ballwieser, W., Bamberg, G., Beckmann, M.J., Bester, H., Blickle, M., Ewert, R., Feichtinger, G., Firchau, V., Fricke, F., Funke, H. and Gaynor, M., 2012.Agency theory, information, and incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Bosse, D.A. and Phillips, R.A., 2016. Agency theory and bounded self-interest.Academy of Management Review,41(2), pp.276-297. Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Brown, J. and Dillard, J., 2014. Integrated reporting: On the need for broadening out and opening up.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1120-1156. Busco, C.A., 2014.Integrated reporting. Springer,. Churet, C. and Eccles, R.G., 2014. Integrated reporting, quality of management, and financial performance.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,26(1), pp.56-64. Cohen, J.R., Holder-Webb, L.L., Nath, L. and Wood, D., 2012. Corporate reporting of nonfinancial leading indicators of economic performance and sustainability.Accounting Horizons,26(1), pp.65-90. de Villiers, C., Rinaldi, L. and Unerman, J., 2014. Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an agenda for future research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1042-1067. Eccles, R.G. and Krzus, M.P., 2014.The integrated reporting movement: Meaning, momentum, motives, and materiality. John Wiley Sons. Flower, J., 2015. The international integrated reporting council: a story of failure.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,27, pp.1-17. Frias?Aceituno, J.V., Rodrguez?Ariza, L. and Garcia?Snchez, I.M., 2014. Explanatory factors of integrated sustainability and financial reporting.Business strategy and the environment,23(1), pp.56-72. Hahn, R. and Khnen, M., 2013. Determinants of sustainability reporting: a review of results, trends, theory, and opportunities in an expanding field of research.Journal of Cleaner Production,59, pp.5-21. Harrison, J.S. and Wicks, A.C., 2013. Stakeholder theory, value, and firm performance. business ethics quarterly,23(1), pp.97-124. Ioana, D. and Adriana, T., 2013. New corporate reporting trends. Analysis on the evolution of integrated reporting.Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series,22(1), pp.1221-1228. Lee, K.W. and Yeo, G.H.H., 2016. The association between integrated reporting and firm valuation.Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting,47(4), pp.1221-125Stewardship Theory:ong, P., 2013.Qualitative research methods. Parrot, K.W. and Tierney, B.X., 2012. Integrated reporting, stakeholder engagement, and balanced investing at American electric power.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,24(2), pp.27-37. Segal, L. and Lehrer, M., 2012. The institutionalization of stewardship: Theory, propositions, and insights from change in the Edmonton Public Schools.Organization Studies,33(2), pp.169-201. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Singh, S., 2012. Ethics in research.Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology,78(4), p.411. Steyn, M., 2014. Organisational benefits and implementation challenges of mandatory integrated reporting: Perspectives of senior executives at South African listed companies.Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal,5(4), pp.476-503.