Business and Social Responsibility Essay - 406 Words

Business and Social Responsibility It is widely known that for a business to be successful it needs to provide a good or service that is desired by the public and also to obtain a profit in providing said good or service. Now while these are the most important components to a successful business, they are not the only ones. The social responsibilities of a business include the following: environmental protection and preservation, employee safety and morale, product safety for the consumer. The financial manager must keep these three social responsibilities in mind when making any and all decisions. The environment has become a big issue over the last 30-40 years, especially for the businesses that may negatively affect it.†¦show more content†¦In turn this bad publicity has negatively affected the business and in a lot of cases, caused the business to fade away. It is the job of the financial manager to oversee these environmental issues and make socially responsible de cisions not only to avoid bad publicity, but to do their part in aiding the environment in a financially sound manner. A businesss employees are probably the most important part of the organization. In short, if there is something that hinders the performance of the employees the whole company suffers. Providing a safe and stimulating work environment is another thing that a financial manager should do to efficiently and effectively turn out a superior product. By keeping employee accidents to a minimum a business will avoid costly lawsuits and down-time. Every business must realize that an unsafe product will not last in the open market and will, in the long run, cost more money to correct. The financial manager must understand that, above all, the product must be safe. He/she must decide the most cost-effective manner to manufacture the product and also have it deemed safe to use. I believe that this detail of product safety should be addressed very early on in the production process, as should the other two. In conclusion, a business has an obligation to return something to society. Although the financial managers main purpose is to acquire and control funds efficiently and effectively to maximizeShow MoreRelatedThe Social Responsibility Of Business932 Words   |  4 PagesA corporation does do business within a vacuum; rather exist as part of larger collective framework of society, stakeholders and a global business community. I believe that corporations which are profitable, and promote moral and ethical standards are the benchmark of success; additionally, corporations bear a great social responsibility to the society it exists within, an simply working within â€Å"the basic rules of society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom† is not enoughRead MoreBusiness and Social Responsibility1140 Words   |  5 PagesWhen a business gets incorporated regardless of the business size and the nature of profession requires an adequate execution methods for being successful and to achieve its goals. Some of these goals can be short-term or long-term, depends on the nature of business. Likewise, these execution methodologies can be vary time to time as the corporate needs to satisfy different groups of people such as : top hierarchy stakeholders, staffs ,shareholders, and even non-related business groups such as environmentalistsRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1422 Words   |  6 Pagesthe business be held accountable for these actions? In his essay â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profit† Milton Friedman, powerful economist, discusses what a business should prioritize in the economic system. Friedman declares what a business is responsible for and the guidelines they must follow. Due to Friedman’s view, he would not have condoned the actions and decisions that the executives at Ford Motor Company took. Friedman argues that the only responsibility a businessRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1042 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility is defined as a business preparation that involves participating in creativities that help society. Friedman: The Social Responsibility of Business is to increase its profits. Milton Friedman argues that the only social responsibility a business has is to itself – mainly to its profits, and therefore, its stakeholders. The business management in charge of a company works for the organization and eventually for the stakeholders. This person is responsible for carryingRead MoreThe Social Responsibility of a Business647 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The Social Responsibility of Business: The role of business in the society became a major aspect across business after Milton Freedman wrote the most provocative article in 1970. As an economist, Freedman stated that the main purpose of businesses is to generate profits for its shareholders. Furthermore, he argued that companies with responsible attitudes were likely to encounter increased binding constraints unlike those that lacked these attitudes, resulting in them becoming less competitiveRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business787 Words   |  4 Pages The economist and Nobel laureate Milton Friedman’s article published in The New York Times Magazine in 1970 titled, â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.† (NYTimes, 1970) set tone for companies all across the country and all over the world. Companies start to turn in profits that shattered all charts and stock markets. Beginning in 1960s to 1990s, Capitalism had won the cold war with its arch rival the Soviet Union had withered away into the oblivion and the companiesRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthe business be held accountable for these actions? In his essay â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profit† Milton Friedman, powerful economist, discusses what a business should prioritize in the economic system. Friedman declares what a business is responsible for and the guidelines they must follow. Due to Friedman’s view, he would not have condoned the actio ns and decisions that the executives at Ford Motor Company took. Friedman argues that the only responsibility a businessRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business2053 Words   |  9 Pagesevolution-taking place; now the level of a business social responsibility has become increasingly integrated into modern business practices. This focus has seen both advantages and disadvantages to the business. However, to what extent has the use of the greater focus of a business social responsibility affected its competitive advantage in its marketplace. CSR is described as; â€Å"the principle that companies can and should make a positive contribution to society, of managing the social, environmental and economicRead MoreSocial Responsibility Of A Business1444 Words   |  6 Pagesareas of business and nonprofit management. However, Cohen’s article on social responsibility drew a lot attention from other scholars like Friedman. In view of this, this paper will discuss and define the concept of social responsibility of a business to its workers, stakeholders, and society; how the perspectives align with that of Drucker; comparing Cohen’s opinion with that of Friedman and finally determines which of the two individual’s opinion best aligns with the current business climate promotingRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business Essay1959 Words   |  8 Pagesagree or disagree with the following quotation: â€Å"There is one and only one social responsibility of business—to use its resources and engage i n activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say engages in free and open competition, without deception and fraud.† Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize winning economist. In other words, the social responsibility of business is to make a profit. I do not agree with the following quote by Milton Friedman

Discussing Planned Nursing Interventions Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The survey was supported by other survey like Kersting M. , Sichert-Hellert W. , et. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussing Planned Nursing Interventions Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now al. , ( 2008 ) conducted a survey on nutrient and alimentary consumption, nutritionary cognition and diet-related attitudes in European striplings. To supply an overview of methods used to measure nutrient and alimentary consumption, nutritionary cognition and diet-related attitudes in the healthy life style in Europe by nutrition in adolescence cross-sectional survey ( HELENA-CSS ) , with selected consequences from the feasibleness survey. To measure nutrient consumption in 13 to 16 twelvemonth old striplings, a antecedently developed computing machine assisted and self-administered 24 hr callback was adapted for international usage. Food ingestion informations were linked to national nutrient composing databases to cipher energy and alimentary consumptions. To measure nutritionary cognition in students non holding any particular ( trained ) instruction refering nutrition, a 23-item validated multiple pick questionnaire was adapted. To measure eating attitudes, behavior and / or put ative jobs with organic structure weight in striplings, a validated stock list covering 60 inquiries or statements was adapted for the survey. in a feasibleness survey, instruments, informations aggregation and processing were tested in one school category in each of the 10 take parting European metropoliss. The feasibleness survey provided plausible consequences, rather consistent between states. Against this background and for the first clip, standardized and unvarying methodological analysis was made available for the chief survey to measure and qualify dietetic consumption, nutritionary cognition and eating attitudes. The survey was supported by other survey like Eyles, H. , Mhurchu, CN, et.al. , ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on nutrition instruction resources for a multiethnic population in New Zealand. A general inductive attack was applied to place common subjects around participants understanding and ideas on relevancy and utility of the bill of exchange resources. Feedback from focal point groups was used to modify resources consequently. Five subjects emerged across all focal point groups and guided alteration of the resources: ( I ) perceived higher cost of healthy nutrient, ( two ) trouble in altering nutrient buying wonts, ( three ) deficiency of cognition, understanding and information about healthy nutrient, ( four ) desire for personally relevant information that uses ethnically appropriate linguistic communication and ( V ) other barriers to healthy feeding, including limited handiness of healthy nutrient. Many issues affect the likeliness of purchase and ingestion of healthy nutrient. These issues should be taken into history when developing nutritionary stuffs for New Zealanders and perchance other multiethnic populations worldwide. Objective – 3: To Assess and compare the average pre-test and post-test pattern mark on healthy nutrient wonts among samples. In this survey the pretest and post-test pattern was assessed by cheque list on healthy nutrient wonts among samples. The assorted facets of pattern includes, washes custodies before holding snacks/lunch, conveying healthy bites, conveying healthy tiffin, puting the towel on the lap, eating the nutrient without spilling, ate nutrient wholly, etc. The pre-test mean per centum pattern mark was 72.85 % . After measuring the pre-test patterns Planned Nursing Invention was implemented to the samples. The post-test mean per centum pattern mark was increased to 93.5 % . The mated ‘t ‘ value for pattern was 10.34* and table value is ( t39=2.021 ) it shows that it was important at piˆ?0.05 degree. To analyze the Zakdad Zymenia, ( 2006 ) conducted survey effectivity of dietetic intervention in kids a simple fleshiness on the prohibitions of thorough analysis of their slate of nutrition method of eating wonts and impact of other environmental facts. The consequence showed that simple in kids aged 3-15 old ages is connected familial and environmental factors, including in right eating wonts. Objective-4: To find the association between the average pretest patterns among samples with their selected demographic variables. In this survey, the association was analyzed by utilizing chi-square between average pretest pattern among samples with their selected demographic variables. The determination shows that there is no important association between pretest pattern with their gender, educational position of the female parent, and occupational position of the female parent at piˆ?0.05 degree. The above findings was supported by the survey conducted by Elpydes, ( 2002 ) survey. It included demographic information on age, school and class, sex, nationality of parents and grownups populating with the pupil. The consequence is satisfactory ( i2 = 0.64 ) while its repeatability was tested and verified at an earlier phase in a sub-sample of 50, 5th and 6th class simple pupils. Summary This chapter dealt with the treatment of the research findings with support survey, findings based on each aim. How to cite Discussing Planned Nursing Interventions Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Ethics Research Indian Journal Dermatology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Ethics Research Indian Journal Dermatology? Answer: Introduction In the current commercial sector, in the global framework, with increase in the complexities and variability in the business operations of the enterprises, transparency has become one of the primary issues of concern among the participants in the commercial operations. Transparency and clarity in business operations are of utmost importance not only for stakeholders who invest on the companies, but also for the companies themselves as a lot of their goodwill and future prospects are dependent on the trust and loyalty of the investors and shareholders as well as their clients. A clear, inclusive and timely reporting of the financial and other business activities is therefore an important task on part of the commercial enterprise (Cohen et al. 2012). The research proposal takes into account the viability and appropriateness of integrated reporting mechanism in this aspect. Importance of Integrated Reporting: In any kind of business for proper and smooth running of the business operations and for achieving cost efficiency and economies of scale in production, to increase the sustainability and future prospects of the commercial enterprises, it is important to keep a clear monitoring tab on the financial and overall commercial operations of the enterprises. This can be done in the form of forming a comprehensive and all-inclusive compact report on a regular interval (Busco 2014). The reports, published by the enterprises are usually made available to all the stakeholders and they act as an important tool for the purpose of decision making on part of the stakeholders with respect to the amount to investment, where to invest and when to invest. In this context, various forms of corporate reporting have evolved over the years, as per the needs and changes in the dynamics of the global business activities. These reports are of both financial and non-financial in nature. However, though corporate reporting has evolved a lot with time and has incorporated many of the complexities and changed nature of business operations, there are still several crucial gaps existing in most of the corporate reporting mechanisms (Ioana and Adriana 2013). Most of these reports, though take into accounting the major financial and corporate details, fail to mostly take into account the underlying economic insights and non-monetary aspects of doing business, which also play significant role in determining the prospects of the companies in short term as well as in long term. The reports also fail to take into account the externalities (both positive and negative) that occur in response to the activities of these enterprises (Brown and Dillard 2014). These gaps in corporate reporting, which causes problems in decision making process of the stakeholders, give rise to need for a more inclusive and versatile reporting, which in its turn indicates towards implementation of integrated reporting, which, in one document tries to make a holistic representation of the financial and non-financial aspects of the commercial enterprises. This form of reporting thus, poses as an effective method of communication and stakeholder management and thus, is an area of interest in the field of research regarding improving efficiency in accounting aspects (Eccles and Krzus 2014). Research Question: The concerned research deals with the primary question of the efficiency and viability of the mechanism of integrated reporting as a robust alternative to the existing conventional methods of accounting reports that are undertaken by the enterprises. The research emphasizes on the efficiency of this type of reporting in the field of transparency and sustainability of the business; operations of a firm and also tries to analyze the impact of such reporting on the stakeholders business behavior and there communication with the commercial enterprises. In simpler words, the purpose of this research is to see how efficient a tool this integrated reporting can become in the aspect of stakeholder management and accountability of the commercial enterprises. Literature Review: Integrated reporting, as a alternative form of corporate and accounting report tool, came into existence in a very recent period. However, though this issue is getting considerable attention in the current period, not many literature and works are available in this aspect across the world. Nevertheless, several crucial and extensive research has been done in this aspect, which have considerable significance in developing this form of corporate reporting as a robust mechanism, taking into account its prospects, feasibility and limitations to work upon (Frias?Aceituno, Rodrguez?Ariza and Garcia?Snchez 2014). De Villiers, Rinaldi and Unerman (2014), in their extensive research paper on integrated reporting and its insights and gaps, takes into the importance of social and environment reporting in the business world and shows the historical path of transformation of the forms of commercial reporting. It also shows the , in this context, need and the emergence of integrated reporting as a different and potential form of a comprehensive corporate reporting in the contemporary business world. The authors take into consideration the different concepts of accounting and accountability research with regards to the fast expanding domain and increasing popularity of integrated reporting. They also stresses on the limitations of this comparatively newer form of corporate reporting and provides useful insights regarding the areas which need developments in this regard and the steps which can be taken for improvisation of integrated reporting (Parrot and Tierney 2012). In undertaking any kind of mechanism for forming a robust and inclusive report which reflects the performances as well as the prospects and sustainability of a company, it is necessary to focus on the construct of such report. What areas should be included and which aspects of the financial and non-financial operations and performances of the commercial enterprises are to be taken into account such that the report comes to use to the stakeholders of the concerned enterprise are important issues of concern. Abeysekera (2013), ventures into this arena in his scholarly works. In the research paper, the author gives an elaborate outline of the concept of the integrated reporting and also provides a proposed template of integrated reporting which can be taken into account by the commercial enterprises. This paper is one of the pioneers in the aspect of providing an impressive template regarding integrated reporting and is therefore, expected to be of immense contribution in the concerned research regarding the viability of implementation of this form of reporting in the business frameworks in the global scenario. The impact of this form of reporting on the overall performance of the firms undertaking this type of reporting is seen in the paper of Lee and Yeo (2016). According to the authors, there are direct and mostly positive implications on the valuation of the enterprises, which are undertaking this form of reporting. The paper also asserts on the notion that if the integrated reporting is done appropriately, then it will not only benefit in making the performances of the enterprise transparent to the clients and the stakeholders but will also help in making the production process of the enterprise more cost effective. This is because, as the author suggests, a proper construct of integrated reporting helps to take into account the financial as well as the non-financial, external and the environmental factors which affect the commercial and production operations of the enterprises. Churet and Eccles (2014), also takes into consideration the positive implications of integrated reporting on the overall increase in the efficiency and prospects of the business organizations and their improvement in performances. The paper categorically focuses on the implications of this type of business reporting on the communication aspects with the stakeholders and ventures in the arena of management of the stakeholders and increase in the accountability of the enterprises that can occur if this type of reporting mechanism can be endured by the commercial enterprises. Therefore, the arena of venturing of this paper is very close to that of the primary research domain and the research question of the concerned study and this paper can be of important reference for the same. Integrated reporting, being a very new concept in the corporate domain and still remaining unexplored to a substantial extent, there can be many areas of limitations or drawbacks in this aspect. Just like the papers asserting the positive aspects of this type of reporting, there are also scholars and researchers who are not quite optimistic regarding the viability of this kind of integrated reporting. In his paper, Steyn (2014) took into the perceptions of the primary potential users and makers of this kind of reports that is the chief financial officers, regarding the cost effectiveness of implementing integrated reporting in the business activities of the organizations. According his findings, the cost of implementation of such form of reporting can actually surpass the benefits that are to be accrued from these reports and thus, the author raises a vital question regarding the feasibility of such form of reporting for the commercial enterprises, especially those which are driven b y profit motives. To make the research a robust interpretation regarding this form of reporting, this article can be of significant usage. In this context, Flower (2015), talks in favor of the views put forward by Steyn (2014), but from a different perspective. In his paper, he takes the reference of the performance of the International Integrated Reporting Council from the time of its establishment in 2010. As per the findings of the paper, it can be seen that though the basic objective behind setting up this council was ensuring incorporation of sustainability in the accounting and overall reporting of the corporate performances of the enterprises, within a short span of time, the council got entangled in regulatory and constricting norms. This in turn caused a deviation of this body from its basic objective and purpose, as suggested by the author. Thus, the literatures, reviewed above are relevant to the research objective and they can be referred to, while conducting the research, for the purpose of taking guidance and incorporating the ideas as well as the hurdles which are expected to be encountered while doing the same. Accounting Theories relevant to Integrated Reporting: In the context of construction of integrated report and for studying the applicability of this kind of reports for the commercial enterprises, it is required to see their viabilities with reference of the theoretical framework and the existing accounting theories. Any measure or new implementation of any framework without a robust theoretical support can create problems, both anticipated as well as unanticipated. The research, therefore, tries to take into account several key accounting theories like agency theory, stakeholder theory and also the theory of stewardship and tries to analyze the working and implications of integrated reporting in the perspectives of these theories individually (Hahn and Khnen 2013). Agency Theory: Based on the Neo-Classical Framework, the theory deals with the notion that all the financial and non-financial activities and liabilities of the commercial enterprises are taken into account. It keeps into consideration that the main objective of any kind of business activity is to maximize the benefits and the welfares of the shareholders who are connected with the concerned enterprises (Ballwieser et al. 2012). Working on the assumption of disparity in information existing between the agent and the principal, the theory requires the construction of a wholesome information system. This system should be enabling enough to work towards ensuring transparency in business operations as well as maximizing the profits of the enterprise and the overall welfare of the agents attached to the concerned enterprise. Therefore, this theory indicates towards a form of reporting similar to the concept of the integrated reporting (Bosse and Phillips 2016). Stakeholders Theory: This theoretical concept deals with the role of the presentation of the social information in building the communications and relations between the different agents involved in a particular commercial activity, including the shareholders, the government and the society as a whole. The model looks into the aspect of accountability of all the agents participating in the business activities. This therefore, also has relevance in the context of integrated reporting and thus will be taken into account in the research (Harrison and Wicks 2013). Stewardship Theory: According to this theory, the main purpose of the managers of the commercial enterprises is not to work towards the achievements of their personal goals, but to work towards the fulfillment of the organizational objectives, which are set to maximize the overall welfare in the broad spectrum, under the framework of the principles. Thus, for this purpose and for the fulfillment of the broad goals, as suggested by the Stewardship Theory, integrated form of reporting can come in handy as an important tool. Therefore, this theory is also incorporated in the concerned research regarding the integrated reporting as a whole (Segal and Lehrer 2012). Methodology: As the research is mainly on the viability of integrated reporting in the current business world, as a robust and better alternative to the existing reporting methods, it is important to take into account the theoretical as well as the practical perspectives regarding this scenario. The research therefore aims to form a strong theoretical construct the feasibility, need, applicability and areas of further development of integrated reporting management (Brinkmann 2014). Along with that the need to incorporate the views of the relevant personnel, who are directly or indirectly linked or affected by this kind of reporting, is also felt in this context. For incorporation of their views, the research aims to undertake comprehensive interviews of qualitative nature, of such personnel, in order to increase the strength of the study (Silverman 2016). The following are the several key questions, which are aimed to be put forward to these people in this context: What type of corporate reporting and accounting is best for the commercial enterprises? Why the method suggested by the person is the most appropriate one in his or her opinions? What are the benefits of the suggested form of reporting from the perspectives of the stakeholders? What are the drawbacks of such forms of reports? What is persons idea about integrated reporting? Can integrated reporting be a better alternative to the existing conventional forms of reports? What are the prospects of integrated reporting regarding the accountability of the firms? Will implementation of integrated reporting increase the benefits of the stakeholders? What are the drawbacks of implementation of such form of reporting by the corporate organizations and what are the hurdles that they are expected to face in this context? What are the measures which can be incorporated to make integrated reporting a more robust and wholesome mechanism of presentation of the useful financial as well as non-financial information? Ethical Approval: For undertaking and conducting any research, it is of immense importance to know about the ethical requirements that are needed to be met while carrying out the research, for which the following steps are to be taken: Ethical approval is required to be taken from the ethical body of the institute, for which the application will be done (Singh 2012). Cooperation regarding the risk assessment of the project, which will be done by the ethical body, is promised on part of the researcher. After the approval of the ethical body, the permissions should be sought from the persons who will be interviewed. The permission will be in a written format with their signature taken as a sign of their consent to give interview (Liamputtong 2013). References Abeysekera, I., 2013. A template for integrated reporting.Journal of Intellectual Capital,14(2), pp.227-245. Ballwieser, W., Bamberg, G., Beckmann, M.J., Bester, H., Blickle, M., Ewert, R., Feichtinger, G., Firchau, V., Fricke, F., Funke, H. and Gaynor, M., 2012.Agency theory, information, and incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Bosse, D.A. and Phillips, R.A., 2016. Agency theory and bounded self-interest.Academy of Management Review,41(2), pp.276-297. Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Brown, J. and Dillard, J., 2014. Integrated reporting: On the need for broadening out and opening up.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1120-1156. Busco, C.A., 2014.Integrated reporting. Springer,. Churet, C. and Eccles, R.G., 2014. Integrated reporting, quality of management, and financial performance.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,26(1), pp.56-64. Cohen, J.R., Holder-Webb, L.L., Nath, L. and Wood, D., 2012. Corporate reporting of nonfinancial leading indicators of economic performance and sustainability.Accounting Horizons,26(1), pp.65-90. de Villiers, C., Rinaldi, L. and Unerman, J., 2014. Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an agenda for future research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1042-1067. Eccles, R.G. and Krzus, M.P., 2014.The integrated reporting movement: Meaning, momentum, motives, and materiality. John Wiley Sons. Flower, J., 2015. The international integrated reporting council: a story of failure.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,27, pp.1-17. Frias?Aceituno, J.V., Rodrguez?Ariza, L. and Garcia?Snchez, I.M., 2014. Explanatory factors of integrated sustainability and financial reporting.Business strategy and the environment,23(1), pp.56-72. Hahn, R. and Khnen, M., 2013. Determinants of sustainability reporting: a review of results, trends, theory, and opportunities in an expanding field of research.Journal of Cleaner Production,59, pp.5-21. Harrison, J.S. and Wicks, A.C., 2013. Stakeholder theory, value, and firm performance. business ethics quarterly,23(1), pp.97-124. Ioana, D. and Adriana, T., 2013. New corporate reporting trends. Analysis on the evolution of integrated reporting.Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series,22(1), pp.1221-1228. Lee, K.W. and Yeo, G.H.H., 2016. The association between integrated reporting and firm valuation.Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting,47(4), pp.1221-125Stewardship Theory:ong, P., 2013.Qualitative research methods. Parrot, K.W. and Tierney, B.X., 2012. Integrated reporting, stakeholder engagement, and balanced investing at American electric power.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,24(2), pp.27-37. Segal, L. and Lehrer, M., 2012. The institutionalization of stewardship: Theory, propositions, and insights from change in the Edmonton Public Schools.Organization Studies,33(2), pp.169-201. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Singh, S., 2012. Ethics in research.Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology,78(4), p.411. Steyn, M., 2014. Organisational benefits and implementation challenges of mandatory integrated reporting: Perspectives of senior executives at South African listed companies.Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal,5(4), pp.476-503.

Laura Martin Real Options and Cable Industry free essay sample

Advanced Corporate Finance and Modeling – FINA0065-1 Assignment #1 – Laura Martin: Real Options and the Cable Industry 1. Consider the multiples analysis developed in Exhibits 2,5 6 Please describe the method of ‘Multiples’ using case numbers and answer to the following questions: 1. 1. What assumptions does this analysis rely upon? 1. 2. How is Martin’s regression analysis different from/similar to traditional multiples analysis? 1. 3. Do you agree with her interpretation of the regression analysis? 2. Consider the DCF analysis presented in Exhibit 7 Please describe the method of â€Å"Discounted Cash Flows† using case numbers and answer to the following questions: 2. 1. How reasonable are Martin’s forecasts for EBITDA and her assumptions about the asset intensity of the business? 2. 2. How plausible is Martin’s terminal value multiple? 2. 3. What are the tradeoffs in using multiples versus the DCF analysis? 3. Real options Please describe the method of â€Å"Real options† using case numbers and answer to the following questions: 3. 1. What is the analogy Martin is trying to draw with options? What is the â€Å"stealth tier†? What is the unit of analysis? In what way is the stealth tier like a call option? What is the underlying asset price? Strike price? Volatility? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Laura Martin Real Options and Cable Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Why is Martin pushing real options valuation as an alternative to DCF analysis? In what ways might the â€Å"stealth† tier be incorporated into the DCF analysis and multiples analysis? 3. 3. How good an analogy is the â€Å"stealth tier† to a real option? Where does the analogy work? Where doesn’t it work? 4. The role of equity analysts in Capital Markets Please describe the role of equity analysts in Capital Markets.

Information Storage and Retrieval Essays

Information Storage and Retrieval Essays Information Storage and Retrieval Essay Information Storage and Retrieval Essay Introduction Information retrieval is a science related to documents and information searching. Information retrieval deals with the storage and representation of knowledge and the retrieval of information relevant to a specific user problem (Mandhl, 2007). Information retrieval technology mostly used in universities and public library to help students or information users to access to books, journals and other information resources that they needed. It also applies at organizations which having large collection of documents or information. In â€Å"The Seven Ages of Information Retrieval† article written by Michael Lesk, mentions the idea of information retrieval starting popular in year 1945. However, the use of information retrieval was started in 1880, where Herman Hollerith invents the recording of data on a machine readable medium (Wikipedia). This article has made good contribution to the field by describing the history of the IR systems from 1945 to 1996 with abundant information on the various technologies developed, IR systems built, and how they affected the research in IR. Based on his article, I observed and learned three important elements of information retrieval. Elements Observed and Learned from the Article 1. Effectiveness of Information Retrieval System One of the important things when developing a system is how it can help to human managing the tasks effectively. Technology provides a tool used to help information users to search for information or documents. The general objective of an Information Retrieval System is to minimize the overhead of a user locating needed information (Kowalski Maybury, 2000). Overhead can be expressed as a processed that users need to go through to seek the information. Even the success of systems is subjective; in my opinion the important element of information retrieval system is the accuracy of information provided to information seekers. Precision can be defined as a fraction of the documents retrieved that are relevant to the users information need (Wikipedia). In this article, we can found many researches were done to enhanced accuracy for information retrieval. One of it is a research by Cyril Cleverdon from Cranfield College of Aeronautics (now Cranfield Institute of Technology) has develop the athematics of `recall (fraction of relevant documents retrieved) and `precision (fraction of retrieved documents that are relevant) to measures the precision of information retrieval systems in 1960s. He found that if an information retrieval system simply retrieves more documents, it is likely to increase recall (with more retrieved documents, a larger fra ction of the relevant ones are likely to appear) but to decrease precision (there are more chances to get more not relevant documents). 2. Flexibility of Information Retrieval System When dealing with information retrieval one of the important things is the flexibility to search the information. Information seekers may not know what exactly that they looking for. Hence a flexible information retrieval system can help them to overcome this problem. In 1970s, a group of Artificial Intelligent (AI) experts from Yale come out with programs to mapped information into standard patterns. This program allows phrase of word mapped into keywords. For example, the word â€Å"apple† can be mapped to the company Apple, the fruit apple, and the tree apple. As another example, the phrase â€Å"Harry Potter† can represent a movie, a book, a character, a game, etc. AI researcher group constructed such schemas for a number of common activities, e. g. ordering in restaurants, and then took natural language descriptions of these activities, picked out the information that appeared to fit slots in the frames, and thus constructed a semi-formal representation of the information. They could then take queries about such subjects, e. g. vehicle accidents on the United Press newswire, and retrieve actual answers. These programs ran on a restricted set of examples, and produced much argument about whether they were in the end going to develop into practical retrieval systems. This flexibility can help information seekers to broader their finding while searching for information. Another criterion of information retrieval searching flexibility which was mentioned in this article is the free-text search option. Full text search refers to a technique for searching a computer-stored document or database. In a full text search, the search engine examines all of the words in every stored document as it tries to match search words supplied by the user (Wikipedia). The good example of free text search in information retrieval is a web search engines. One of the search engines using full text search technique is AltaVista. Even the free text provide flexibility to do searching, the results are not good as controlled vocabulary searching. 3. Copyright Issue in Digital Storage In digital era, mostly all types of information are available in digital format. In today world, we can purchase book online, purchase an e-book, journal or article from internet, and reading news paper/magazine online. It was noted that online publish won’t pose a problem for academic publishing, but will do for commercial. The most obvious problems relate to digital information is some potential problems such as illegal copying (pirating in today’s terms) and copyright law. This problem destroyed the computer games industry in the late 1970s, and is extremely serious for the software industry right now in many countries including Malaysia. Lately, many researchers done a study to review current copyright and related laws and their impact on digital preservation, as well as to make recommendations to help libraries, archives and other preservation institutions sustain digital works. Analysis of Information Retrieval Transformation The transformation of information retrieval parallels such a life. This article uses Shakespeare’s concept of seven ages of man to describe/predict the evolution of Information Retrieval from 1945 to 2010. In my opinion, technologies play an important role in the transformation and development of information retrieval. Started in childhood era in 1950s, the first systems of information retrieval were built based on technology available on that era, such as the use of overlapping codes on edge-notched cards by Calvin Mooers. In schoolboy era starting from 1960s, the first large scale information systems were built. NASA researchers introduce a mechanical machine for searching of manual indexing. This machine helps to facilitate search of indexing documents rather than manually searching which take longer time. Throughout this period, there was relatively little actual computerized retrieval going on. Computers can search indexes must better than human, which demanded more detailed indexing. During 1970s, the development of computer and word processing technology improving the way information retrieval works because lots of text was available in machine-readable form. Another key technology during 1970s is the availability of time sharing system which make retrieval system more practical especially to librarian. In 1980s, the widespread use of CD-ROM was a key technology change, which fit well with traditional information publishing economics and developed into a real threat to the online systems. Computer networking technology also develops in this decade and as a result there was an enormous increase in the number of databases available online. Lastly, the internet technology revolution in 1990s also helps to improve the way people retrieving information. In other hand, internet revolution also cause information overload problem. We can see most people sharing their information to internet but admittedly much of the information available in internet is low in term of quality because no authority responsible to evaluate the published information. From the facts above, it shows that the technology have influences to the transformation of information retrieval. REFERENCE Kowalski, G. and Maybury, M. T. Information storage and retrieval systems: theory and implementation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. Mandhl, T. (2007). â€Å"Recent Developments in the Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems: Moving Towards Diversity and Practical Relevance†, Informatica, pp. 27-38. Wikipedia (2011). â€Å"Information retrieval†, Retrieve from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Information_retrieval

#2 Religion Reflection Assignment on a reading by Scarboro and Luck Essay

#2 Religion Reflection Assignment on a reading by Scarboro and Luck called The Goddess and Power (Reading material is uploaded) - Essay Example While thinking about the first question the researcher discovered that the exposition of the paper makes a reader indulge into reflective mode since the reader is compelled to question what the real objective of the authors could be in writing this paper. It appears as if the author would discuss the emergence of religious diversity in order to show the accommodative, liberal and diverse nature of the American religious arena. However, the terms â€Å"religious plethora† â€Å"pagan ceremonies† and â€Å"radical† (Scarboro and Luck, 69) used in the second paragraph bear negative connotation for beliefs like Wicca and Witchcraft and seem to belittle the value of these beliefs in the very onset. This implies that the authors consider all such religious practices somewhat alien to the mainstream America belief systems. The research questions brought forward by the authors – â€Å"What is the appeal of witchcraft to contemporary Americans?† and â€Å" What does Wicca offer to the wider American religious tradition?† (69) – also implicate alienation, separation and distancing of these religious beliefs form the authors’ own beliefs. The wording and terminology used here could look more convincing if the authors had used more neutral language. The discussion also implies that the attributes of Wicca religion and the Witches’ attack on Christian beliefs make the readers assume that Wicca Witches are insolently bold and believe in personal and communal freedom. The words like â€Å"distant, stern, judging, vengeful [....] standing over against the human† (71) used by the Witches for the Christian God implicate that the Witches believe in a belief system which does not have any threat of judgement or punishment. Likewise, the gender inclusive nature of divinity in Wicca culture also sounds striking and imply that the practitioners of this religion believe in human rights and, more specifically speaking, women rights. The male

Fibres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fibres - Essay Example The preparation of the SSD using the 20 and 10 mm aggregates followed the standards set in Clause 8 of ASTM C127-15. The fine aggregates are also in the SSD in accordance with Clause 8. The water reabsorption rates for the fine aggregates have been calculated with reference to the ASTM C128-15. The water absorption and bulk density of the coarse aggregates were measured and calculated in accordance with the ASTM C29 procedures. The water-cement ratio used in the preparation of all specimens was fixed. Using the same ratio reduces the impact of other variables to the specimens’ residual strength. The super plasticiser should be used when fixing the water cement ratio. In this experiment, the super plasticiser was a high range water-reducing retarding admixture. The use of the plasticiser was to improve the workability of concrete when fixing the water-cement ratio for all mixes. The admixture, MasterRheobuild 1000NT, was a product of the BASF Chemical Company. The type A and F MasterRheobuild admixtures meet the requirements outlined in the ASTM C494 (BASF 2015). The RAD6535HW hooked end hard-drawn wire steel used in the experiment is a product of RADMIX. The steel used in the experiment had a hooked end glued with fibre. The steel fibre has a diameter of 0.5mm and a length of 35mm while the tensile strength is more than 1300 MPa. Its aspect ratio is 70. It has a chemical composition C-Max 0.1%, Mn-Max 0.5%, S-Max 0.05%, P-Max 0.04%, and Si-Max 0.1% (RADMIX 2015). The experiment consumed a total of 22.3kg of steel fibre. The synthetic fibre used in the experiment is Synmix. It is a fibre for concrete that is used for meeting serviceability requirements such as rotations and deflections. It is also more suitable for creep and crack widths than it would be when used in mines as a temporary ground

Breast Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Breast Cancer - Essay Example Like all the cancerous growth, early stage breast cancer also does not produce any clinical manifestations to get it noticed early. Therefore, recommended check up guidelines should be followed regularly with alertness before major clinical manifestations are observed. Early stage diagnosis of breast cancer and its treatment, may actually cure the cancer. The different treatment alternatives for breast cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Proactive preventive measures of cancer are related to reducing potential causes of breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors are used to prevent recurrence in early-stage breast cancer and are under clinical trials as prevention measures in high-risk postmenopausal women. breast. In breast cancer, normal cells grow abnormally and give rise to transformed cells which eventually spreads in the body. These evade on healthy cells, tissues and organs by depriving them of essential nutrients and space. It is the second most leading cause of cancer mortality in US. National Cancer Institute has estimated that in the US, 0.5% women will develop breast cancer by the age of 50 and it may rise to10% by the age of 80 (Paddock). In 2007, it was estimated that 178,480 new females with invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in addition to 62,030 cases of in situ breast cancer (Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2007-2008, p.2). The breast cancer related deaths equal to 40,460 women was predicted in 2007. American Cancer Society has reported that breast cancer related deaths are declining due to increased awareness among the population. This decline could be directly attributed to more number of women undergoing screening test like mammography. This makes early diagnos is possible and early treatment leads to better clinical outcome in terms of improved survival rates. Still women between the ages of 45 and 55 are predisposed to breast cancer related

Contextualising Our Countrys Good Essay Example for Free

Contextualising Our Countrys Good Essay The historical context of this play is most key, in that the play its self is based on the past. In mid seventeenth century there was a fear within the middle and upper classes of the raising crime rate, largely due to an increasing population and high unemployment figures. The chosen solution to this problem was the transportation of convicts to Australia, where they could be used as slaves to build a naval outpost. The writer Timberlake Wertenbaker was born in the United States, and also lived in France. Shortly after moving to London she became a play write, and is said to have produced her best work, including Our Countrys Good, during the 1980s. She wrote the play after she had read up on the history of the transportation of convicts from England to Australia. To do so she used resources such as the novel The Playmaker by Thomas Keneally, and journals of marines sent to Australia. Through these journals she could get a useful insight into what life for convict was really like. She could learn of the marines frustration that they had been sent to do just a job, in such a place, and the way in which they took out these frustrations on the convicts. Her knowledge of such wrong doings comes through very clearly in the text in scenes, and also through characters such as Sergeant Robbie Ross. Through these marines journals historians were also able to discover that in 1789 several convicts, and one officer put on a play for the whole colony. Through this they were able to teach themselves and their observers of compassion, co-operation and creativity. This is the key story in Our Countrys Good. In keeping with this realistic approach Timberlake Wertenbaker based her characters on real convicts of the first ship to Australia. From what little we know of the characters and their lives after Australia we can see Timberlakes influence for their personalities and traits which we can recognise: Timberlakes key character, Ralph Clark, was a real person. The journal he talks of in the play is a genuine historical item on which his character is based. After his time in Australia he is moved to a new post, and makes sure Mary Brenham, another key character in the play whom he falls in love with, is also transferred. Form this we can see parallels between life and the play in his apparent devotion for Mary that we as audience grow to love. The character Liz Morden is based on a convict called Nancy Turner. She lived to be pardoned and had a large family with a rich thief. This may be the life we would expect for Liz. Through the play she has restored her faith in humanity and has the confidence and love to build a family, but at the same time she will not turn on her own kind and chooses a thief as a lover. John Wisehammer began farming and became a respectable merchant. Just as we would expect of his character who always claimed to be innocent. John Freeman was exempted from hanging, just as his character had always waned. In the play we learn of his hate for the job. Dabby Bryant did escape, as we knew her character in the play would, she eventually ended up back home in Devon. From the above we can see to what extent Wertenbaker was true to the real story of the convicts in Australia. There is also a strong cultural significance to the play. It was written in 1988 for the Royal Court Theatre in London. It came at the end of an extremist period, Thatherite Britain, in which an us and them attitude was strong. And the fact that it was a strong capitalist party in power was evident. One of Thatchers most famous comments was there is no such thing as society, just individuals and their families. Wertenbaker was making a stand against such attitudes and showing we should take the time to think about each other and grow as people in community which can be formed, as the convicts show, in any group of people, however they are originally regarded. Wertenbaker used the play to portray a message that like sending the convokes away, or punishing them with floggings, Michael Howards short sharp shock tactics of the time would not work, but the key was reform, and giving the prisoners something more, by believing they could be more. The play was revived in 1997, as New Labour was coming into power. One of Labours visions is that people can change, its within them. Just as Phillip and Ralph believed the convicts could, and just as Liz Morden proved was true, as both her and Mary found themselves in different ways through the play. There are parallels present between this aspect of the play, and schemes for young offenders today. Young people use art such as graffiti to find themselves through something positive, constructive, enjoyable and rewarding, in much the same way the convicts used The Recruiting Officer. In reviving the play it became recognised again and The Recruiting Officer has been performed in prisons quite recently, as have other plays with the intention of doing what Ralph did for the convicts in Our Countrys Good, restoring their faith in humanity and humanitys faith in them.

George Orwells Animal Farm Essay -- George Orwell Animal Farm Essays

George Orwell's Animal Farm George Orwell wrote ‘Animal Farm’ as an allegory, which is a simple story, with a more complicated idea running alongside it. In this case, it is a story about a group of pigs taking over a farm, and the story of the Russian Revolution is told underneath it. The main characters of the revolution are portrayed in the book as follows: Mr Jones is Czar Nicholas II, the last Russian leader before the revolution; Old Major is Karl Marx, the person who influenced the people into revolting and the idea of communism; Snowball is Trotsky, one of the early leaders of the revolution; Napoleon is Stalin, a cruel, selfish, and corrupt leader; and Boxer and Clover represent the proletariat, or the ‘common’ working class people. At the beginning of the book, Boxer is introduced as ‘an enormous beast’, who is ‘not of first rate intelligence’, and we are also told that he is universally respected. He has a kind, gentle, caring character that others feel safe around ‘Last of all came the cat, who looked around, as usual, for the warmest place, and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover.’ Boxer and Clover are used by Orwell to represent the proletariat, or the working class, in Russian society. This lower class is naturally drawn to Stalin (represented by Napoleon) because it seems as though they will benefit most from his new system. Since Boxer and the other low animals are not accustomed to the "good life," they can't really compare Napoleon's government to the life they had before under Jones. The proletariat are also quite good at convincing each other that communism is a good idea, ‘they absorbed everything that they were told, and passed it on to the others’. Boxer... ...nd of the book shows how the leaders of the Russian Revolution turned out to be just as bad, if not worse than the czars, ‘The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again: but already it was impossible to say which was which.’ George Orwell put Boxer in the story and killed him to show that all his hard work, like the proletariats in the Russian Revolution, was for nothing and that, in the end, it would always go back to the way it was at the beginning. This is something that Benjamin knew all the way through, and after the animals have forgotten Jones and their past lives, ‘Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be much better or much worse; hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life.’

Morrison and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

In Toni Morrison’s essay about The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, she discusses the racial problems and the use of the word â€Å"nigger† in the book. Morrison talks about the word embarrasses, bored, and annoyed her, but that â€Å"name calling is a plague of childhood†. She also talks about how there is a fatherhood issue throughout the book. She talks about how Huck can’t settle down anywhere. He is almost afraid to be alone because simple things seem to frighten him. But then when Jim and Huck are together all those feelings of being afraid and lonesome aren’t there as much. She kind of refers to Jim as a kind of father/ older brother figure to Huck. Morrison says, â€Å"What does Huck need to live without terror, melancholy, and suicidal thoughts? The answer of course, is Jim†(387-388). Morrison plainly says that Jim is that person in Huck’s life that takes away all those feelings and fears. But the problem is both Huck and Jim know that they will soon have to separate from each other because of their white/black childhood friendship. Morrison also says, â€Å"Huck’s desire for a father who is adviser and trustworthy companion is universal, but he also needs something more: a father whom, unlike his own, he can control†(390). Jim is the perfect person to fill the father position for Huck, because Huck can control him and begin to feel responsible for him. But also, Jim is a â€Å"father-for-free† which means they don’t have a life long debt that is owed to them like real fathers. Huck and Jim’s friendship is rare for that time period because blacks where slaves to whites. Look more:  satire in huck finn essay However, even though they are two different races in a time where it is socially wrong for them to be friends, Huck is willing to take a chance on this friendship. It also shows that Huck has an open mind to all possibilities, even its being friends with a person of another race. â€Å"It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger; but I done it, and I warn’t ever sorry for it afterwards, neither. I didn’t do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldn’t done that one if I’d a knowed it would make him feel that way† (95). This quote is another example of racism in the book, however, no matter what color Jim may be Huck knows that what he did to Jim was wrong. He struggled with apologizing to Jim because of the way society is and his upbringing. But he overcomes his upbringing and the ways of society and apologizes to Jim because they are friends and he sincerely feels bad for what he has done to him. To Huck, Jim is his best friend and a â€Å"father† figure, which makes the bond between them that much tighter and closer to each other. Like in Morrison’s essay, she talks about how Huck hates being alone so much that he is almost suicidal, but when he is with Jim his loneliness isn’t a scary knowing that he isn’t alone. Huck feels less afraid and more comfortable with Jim around because he knows that Jim is a â€Å"father† figure. â€Å"Pap he hadn’t been seen for more than a year, and that was comfortable for me; I didn’t want to see him no more. He used to always whale me when he was sober and could get his hands on me; though I used to take to the woods most of the time when he was around† (24). This quote shows how Huck felt towards his father and how he was afraid of his father. I agree with Morrison’s essay where she talks about how Huck has father issues. In this one quote, Huck talks about how he didn’t care that he hadn’t seen his father in a while and how he didn’t want to see him anymore anyways. He talks about how his father use to beat him and that he would run and hide in the woods when ever his father was around. Huck spent most of his time running away and hiding from his dad, because he was afraid his dad would come get him and beat him. I do agree with Morrison that Huck doesn’t want to admit that he and Jim are going to have to one day go their separate ways. Huck makes up reasons of why they don’t land in Cairo just so he and Jim can stay together. But in Morrison’s essay she questions whether Huck will be able to make it without Jim when he goes into new â€Å"territory† and goes on adventures without him. I do believe Huck can do it without Jim. One, because he now knows that his father is dead and won’t be coming after him. Two, because he has learned a lot from being on his own even though Jim was with him. He still had a big responsibility for both himself and Jim and making sure they made it through all of their adventures. I think that Huck has grown as a boy and matured more than most boys his age, because he is living on his own and not only having to look after himself, but also Jim. Morrison said, â€Å"Name calling is a plague of childhood and a learned activity ripe for discussion as soon as it surfaces† (386). I fully agree with Morrison on this point. Growing up you tend to follow what others do, whether it be your family upbringing or friends that have been brought up different than you. When you are a kid, if your friend calls some one a name normally other kids will join in just because that is the way children and even adults today work. No one wants to feel like the outcast so one person who starts name calling can eventually turn into a whole group of kids/adults, its like what Morrison calls it, â€Å"a plague†. However, a child’s upbringing has a lot to do with how a child reacts to name calling. Back in that time period, it was like name calling and feuds where a normal part of the daily life. Family’s that had had feuds going on for generations would keep it going by convincing the next generation that that other family was no good and so then the feud would continue, along with the name calling. Morrison’s overview of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are very easy to agree with, because she explains and goes into detail about how she believes what she does. She backs up all the things she talks about such as; Huck having father issues, Huck’s issues of loneliness and suicidal thoughts, and the racial politics. After reading Morrison’s essay on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, I understood so much more of the book, because she explained some of the deeper themes and problems in the book.

Physical Security in the Army

The Army regulation regarding Physical Security is AR 190-16 which states: That part of security concerned with physical measures designed to safeguard personnel, to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, material and documents, and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft. The importance of maintaining accountability of your equipment as a U. S. Army As a Soldier is that I'm responsible for maintaining accountability for everything I am signed for. Meaning that I am to know where everything is that i'm signed for, and to ensuring that it is also secure. I should also be more cautious with Sensitive items such as my weapon, raido, body armor, kevlar, NBC Mask and so on. These are not just items for my personal use, they are a part of my combat uniform and necessary to complete my mission should it go down the shitter. Accountability of your sensitive items is important. To lose a sensitive item can be detrimental to the readiness of your unit in times of war or training. The consequences of losing sensitive items varies from item to item according to its value and importance. There are many other punishments such as life in prison. To lose a sensitive item can also be a violation of the army values. It violates the values of Duty and Integrity. It violates duty because without the proper equipment you cannot perform your duties. You also let down your platoon and/ or squad by not knowing where your items are. It violates the integrity of yourself by letting your platoon down. Your platoon counts on you to make sure you know where all your items are. If the enemy get a hold of them it makes for a very bad day. The enemy would like nothing more than to get a hold of or weapon systems and our radios. The enemy wants to know everything about how the militaryworks and about our operations. In times of war the more sensitive an item is the more the enemy craves the item. You should never leave equipment lyingaround. If you see that your battle buddy has leftany equipment lying around no matter what it is from patrol cap to an SKL Secure it and make sure you let them know off line the mistake they have made. It does not matter what rank they are. So, it is very important to secure all your sensitive equipment and items, and maintain accountability. The reason simply is to keep very important high costvalued items and equipment 700 accounted for so people all around you do not have to deal with the consequences of the lost item or equipment. Also every sensitve item or equipment is high dollar valued so if you lose it you will be hurting money wise by losing a grand or more easily right on the spot. And after that you can possibly do jail time from six months to a year and sure their will be rank taken away or something along those lines. You might even get an article fifteen after all that or maybe when you have to pay for the lost sensitive equipment or item so these should be a main priority to maintainand know where they are at all times and are accounted for either battle buddy. According to FM 7-21. 13 Chapter 3 on Duties and Responsibilities of the Individual Soldier: â€Å"Duties are general requirements to be performed. Duty begins with everything required of you by law, regulation, and ordersâ€Å", but it includes much more than that, a duty is a legal or moral obligation. Each soldier has a obligation to his/her team, to his or her section, and to the rest of his or her unit to keep constant accountability of their individually issued items. If these obligations were to be thwarted in any way, this would cost his or her unit time the length of time used in obtaining new equipment, personnel resources and manpower that could be utilized otherwise in accomplishing mission critical tasks, and financial resources at any costs incurred to the unit itself. FM 7-21. 13 also states that â€Å"responsibility is the legally established and moral obligation a soldier assumes for his or her own actions, accomplishments and failures. Every soldier is responsible for performing his or her duty to the very best of his or her ability and for trying to improve his or her performance. For example, soldiers are also responsible for their personal conduct and appearance. Also, every soldier is responsible for his or her own physical fitness. And just as personal fitness and appearance is the responsibility of every soldier, so should accountability of personal equipment. Every soldier in the Army assumed this personal responsibility when they took their enlistment oath.

Hrm Orientation Essay Example

Hrm Orientation Essay Example Hrm Orientation Essay Hrm Orientation Essay A procedure for providing new employees with basic background information about the firm. Orientation content Information on employee benefits Personnel policies The daily routine Company organization and operations Safety measures and regulations Facilities tour Orienting Employees (cont’d) A successful orientation should accomplish four things for new employees: Make them feel welcome and at ease. Help them understand the organization in a broad sense. Make clear to them what is expected in terms of work and behavior. Help them begin the process of becoming socialized into the firm’s ways of acting and doing things. The Training Process Training The process of teaching new employees the basic skills they need to perform their jobs. The strategic context of training Performance management: the process employers use to make sure employees are working toward organizational goals. Web-based training Distance learning-based training Cross-cultural diversity training The Training and Development Process Needs analysis Identify job performance skills needed, assess prospective trainees skills, and develop objectives. Instructional design Produce the training program content, including workbooks, exercises, and activities. Validation Presenting (trying out) the training to a small representative audience. Implement the program Actually training the targeted employee group. Evaluation Assesses the program’s successes or failures. Make the Learning Meaningful At the start of training, provide a bird’s-eye view of the material to be presented to facilitates learning. Use a variety of familiar examples. Organize the information so you can present it logically, and in meaningful units. Use terms and concepts that are already familiar to trainees. Use as many visual aids as possible. Make Skills Transfer Easy Maximize the similarity between the training situation and the work situation. Provide adequate practice. Label or identify each feature of the machine and/or step in the process. Direct the trainees’ attention to important aspects of the job. Provide â€Å"heads-up† preparatory information that lets trainees know they might happen back on the job. Motivate the Learner People learn best by doing so provide as much realistic practice as possible. Trainees learn best when the trainers immediately reinforce correct responses Trainees learn best at their own pace. Create a perceived training need in the trainees’ minds. The schedule is important too: The learning curve goes down late in the day, less than full day training is most effective. Analyzing Training Needs Task analysis A detailed study of a job to identify the specific skills required, especially for new employees. Performance analysis Verifying that there is a performance deficiency and determining whether that deficiency should be corrected through training or through some other means (such as transferring the employee). Training Methods On-the-job training (OJT) Having a person learn a job by actually doing the job. OJT methods Coaching or understudy Job rotation Special assignments Advantages Inexpensive Immediate feedback Steps in OJT Step 1: Prepare the learner Put the learner at ease- relieve the tension. Explain why he or she is being taught. Create interest, encourage questions, find out what the learner already knows about this or other jobs. Explain the whole job and relate it to some job the worker already knows. Place the learner as close to the normal working position as possible. Familiarize the worker with equipment, materials, tools, and trade terms. Steps in OJT (cont’d) Step 2: Present the operation Explain quantity and quality requirements. Go through the job at the normal work pace. Go through the job at a slow pace several times, explaining each step. Between operations, explain the difficult parts, or those in which errors are likely to be made. Again go through the job at a slow pace several times; explain the key points. Have the learner explain the steps as you go through the job at a slow pace. Steps in OJT (cont’d) Step 3: Do a tryout Have the learner go through the job several times, slowly, explaining each step to you. Correct mistakes and, if necessary, do some of the complicated steps the first few times. Run the job at the normal pace. Have the learner do the job, gradually building up skill and speed. As soon as the learner demonstrates ability to do the job, let the work begin, but don’t abandon him or her. Steps in OJT (cont’d) Step 4: Follow up Designate to whom the learner should go for help. Gradually decrease supervision, checking work from time to time against quality and quantity standards. Correct faulty work patterns before they become a habit. Show why the learned method is superior. Compliment good work; encourage the worker until he or she is able to meet the quality and quantity standards. Training Methods (cont’d) Apprenticeship training A structured process by which people become skilled workers through a combination of classroom instruction and on-the-job training. Informal learning The majority of what employees learn on the job they learn through informal means of performing their jobs on a daily basis. Job instruction training (JIT) Listing each job’s basic tasks, along with key points, in order to provide step-by-step training for employees. The 25 Most Popular Apprenticeships Training Methods (cont’d) Effective lectures Use signals to help listeners follow your ideas. Don’t start out on the wrong foot. Keep your conclusions short. Be alert to your audience. Maintain eye contact with the trainees. Make sure everyone in the room can hear. Control your hands. Talk from notes rather than from a script. Break a long talk into a series of five-minute talks. Programmed Learning Programmed instruction (PI) A systematic method for teaching job skills involving: Presenting questions or facts Allowing the person to respond Giving the learner immediate feedback on the accuracy of his or her answers Advantages Reduced training time Self-paced learning Immediate feedback Reduced risk of error for learner Training Methods (cont’d) Literacy training techniques Responses to functional illiteracy Testing job candidates’ basic skills. Setting up basic skills and literacy programs. Audiovisual-based training To illustrate following a sequence over time. To expose trainees to events not easily demonstrable in live lectures. To meet the need for organizationwide training and it is too costly to move the trainers from place to place. Training Methods (cont’d) Simulated training (occasionally called vestibule training) Training employees on special off-the-job equipment so training costs and hazards can be reduced. Computer-based training (CBT) Electronic performance support systems (EPSS) Learning portals Computer-based Training (CBT) Advantages Reduced learning time Cost-effectiveness Instructional consistency Types of CBT Intelligent Tutoring systems Interactive multimedia training Virtual reality training Distance and Internet-Based Training Teletraining A trainer in a central location teaches groups of employees at remote locations via TV hookups. Videoconferencing Interactively training employees who are geographically separated from each other- or from the trainer- via a combination of audio and visual equipment. Training via the Internet Using the Internet or proprietary internal intranets to facilitate computer-based training. What Is Management Development? Management development Any attempt to improve current or future management performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills. Succession planning A process through which senior-level openings are planned for and eventually filled. Anticipate management needs Review firm’s management skills inventory Create replacement charts Begin management development Managerial on-the-Job Training Job rotation Moving a trainee from department to department to broaden his or her experience and identify strong and weak points. Coaching/Understudy approach The trainee works directly with a senior manager or with the person he or she is to replace; the latter is responsible for the trainee’s coaching. Action learning Management trainees are allowed to work full-time analyzing and solving problems in other departments. Off-the-Job Management Training and Development Techniques Case study method Managers are presented with a description of an organizational problem to diagnose and solve. Management game Teams of managers compete by making computerized decisions regarding realistic but simulated situations. Outside seminars Many companies and universities offer Web-based and traditional management development seminars and conferences. Off-the-Job Management Training and Development Techniques (cont’d) Role playing Creating a realistic situation in which trainees assume the roles of persons in that situation. Behavior modeling Modeling: showing trainees the right (or â€Å"model†) way of doing something. Role playing: having trainees practice that way Social reinforcement: giving feedback on the trainees’ performance. Transfer of learning: Encouraging trainees apply their skills on the job. Off-the-Job Management Training and Development Techniques (cont’d) Corporate universities Provides a means for conveniently coordinating all the company’s training efforts and delivering Web-based modules that cover topics from strategic management to mentoring. In-house development centers A company-based method for exposing prospective managers to realistic exercises to develop improved management skills. Off-the-Job Management Training and Development Techniques (cont’d) Executive coaches An outside consultant who questions the executive’s boss, peers, subordinates, and (sometimes) family in order to identify the executive’s strengths and weaknesses. Counsels the executive so he or she can capitalize on those strengths and overcome the weaknesses. Managing Organizational Change and Development What to change? Strategy: mission and vision Culture: new corporate values Structure: departmental structure, coordination, span of control, reporting relationships, tasks, decision-making procedures Technologies: new systems and methods Employees: changes in employee attitudes and skills Overcoming Resistance to Change What causes resistance? All behavior in organizations is a product of two kinds of forces- those striving to maintain the status quo and those pushing for change. Lewin’s Change Process Unfreezing: reducing the forces striving to maintain the status quo. Moving: developing new behaviors, values, and attitudes, sometimes through structural changes. Refreezing: reinforcing the changes. Overcoming Resistance to Change Change initiatives Political campaign: creating a coalition strong enough to support and guide the initiative. Marketing campaign: tapping into employees’ thoughts and feelings and also effectively communicating messages about the prospective program’s theme and benefits. Military campaign: Deploying executives’ scarce resources of attention and time to actually carry out the change. How to Lead the Change (in 10 Steps) Establish a sense of urgency. Mobilize commitment through joint diagnosis of problems. Create a guiding coalition. Develop a shared vision. Communicate the vision. Help employees to make the change. Generate short-term wins. Consolidate gains and produce more change. Anchor the new ways of doing things in the company’s culture. Monitor progress and adjust the vision as required. Using Organizational Development Organizational development (OD) A special approach to organizational change in which employees themselves formulate and implement the change that’s required. Usually involves action research. Applies behavioral science knowledge. Changes the attitudes, values, and beliefs of employees. Changes the organization in a particular direction. Examples of OD Interventions Evaluating the Training Effort Designing the study Time series design Controlled experimentation Training effects to measure Reaction of trainees to the program Learning that actually took place Behavior that changed on the job Results that were achieved as a result of the training

Online Customer Engagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online Customer Engagement - Essay Example This can also be referred to the social phenomenon facilitated by the extensive implementation of the internet in the late 1990s and captivating off by means of the procedural improvements in link speed (broadband) in the decade that trailed. Online Customer commitment is qualitatively dissimilar commencing the engagement of consumers' offline. This particular project will be of help as it will allow the organizations to counter react to the elementary changes in the clients' behaviors that the internet has brought forth. It will also avail the solution to the high level of the incompetence of the custom break off and replicate, broadcast model of promoting (George 1990, pg20). With this report, it will also provide the readers with the knowledge about the consumers' behaviors so as to enable them to know how to deal with their clients in order to be able to provide them with the appropriate products and services that they do need. From the other researchers, it has been proven that, the relationship of an organization with their clients during marketing affects their way of behavior. This can also be said that, customer engagement is directly proportional to the customer behaviors as well as the relationship marketing. This is so because, with consumer engagement, it commits the clients and thus able to evaluate their behaviors. 2.0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS For this project to be termed to be successful, it has to fulfil some of the requirements. Thus it will be required to answer some questions such as; 1. What are some of the consumer behaviour that is related to the online consumer engagement 2. How do the online consumer engagement relate to the marketing strategy used by an organisation 3. Why do the managers of the organisations have a preference on the online consumer engagement as compared to the offline one 4. Which relationship does consumer behaviour have with the marketing strategy of the organisation 5. What are the significance of the consumer engagement 3.0 OBJECTIVES: The project will be focused on some of the aspects so as to be able to attain its objectives. These objectives will be attained through the questions that have to be answered at the end of the project. These will include: 1. To know some of the consumer behaviours that are related to the online consumer engagement 2. To institute the association connecting the marketing strategies and the online consumer engagement. 3. To establish the advantages of the online consumer engagement compared to the offline consumer engagement. 4. To establish the relationship between consumer behaviour and marketing strategy in any given organisation. 5. The importance of the consumer engagement. 4.0 METHOD: This will entail the way and the techniques that will be used in the research and the way in which the data will be collected so as to get the accurate report for the research project. This will comprise of 4.1 RESEARCH DESIGN This is a qualitative research. This is because it entails the use of the purposive selection of the sample size and it is also based on the targeted population in the community which will comprise of the digital marketing community. To be able to get the information from the organisation, they will have to answer a number of questionnaires. The questionnaire will be as follows; Questionnaire Instruction To be filled

Workplace Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workplace Safety - Essay Example (Gustafson, 2011). This article reflects on an issue that involves a severe attack on the employee Rich Dean by a dangerous prisoner Lehtinen. Dean is seriously distressed by the news that Oregon hospital will not have to deal with any sanctions in regard to the violent incident even after a long workplace safety inspection undertaken by Oregon’s Occupational Safety and Health Division (OSHA). This decision by OSHA led Dean to present his issues with the results of the investigation in an interview. Dean voiced facts that set in contrast to the justifications presented by OSHA. According to OSHA, Dean issued a citation against the hospital’s security administration on no grounds. This is because the hospital has always adopted satisfactory security measures and conducted safety assessments before the grave attack on Dean occurred. Also, there had been no violent attacks on any hospital employee by the jail inmates before that incident and high-profile assault prevention training is also given to the employees according to the OSHA report. Now, Dean claimed that when he was attacked by Lehtinen, the two other employees dog-piled on him and Lehtinen, which gave Lehtinen an easy access to land heavy kicks on Dean’s eyes, shoulders, and neck. Had it not been for the careless action of the two other security men, Dean would surely have saved himself from Lehtinen’s attacks. Also, the emergency alarm system was sadly out of function at the time of the assault.

Jack Michael Dixon as a policeman Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jack Michael Dixon as a policeman - Coursework Example The misuse of personal data falls under the ambit of Data Protection Act 1984. On violation of mentioned act, the trial court awarded penalty of 500 GBP each on count-1 and count-2 along with the cost of suit amounting to 1,750 GBP. Q.2. Explain in your own words the legal issue in the case? Answer: Jack Michael Dixon was a police constable in the Nottingham police constabulary who misused personal data on the computers of the National Police. The misuse occurred in the sense that he was blamed for performing contrary to prescribed task enshrined in the relevant entry register. This invokes s5 (2) (b) (3) and (5) of Data Protection Act 1984. Accordingly he was found guilty on two counts by the trial court. For the initial offence he was convicted to an attempt and for the second time he was convicted to full offence. In each count the court of competent jurisdiction found him guilty and for each offence awarded him penalty of 500 GBP each plus cost of suit incurred thereon i.e. 1,750 GBP. Q.3. what technique of statutory interpretations, presumption and / or rule of language did Lord Goff employee in this case? Give reasons for your answer. Answer: The defendant Dixon on appeal was exonerated by the Court of Appeal. The prosecution against the judgment of the trial court files an appeal to Lordship’s House to reconsider the matter of exoneration. ... The defendant plea was that enquires made by him was legal. However, incidentally the enquired data was belonging to the Best Investigation Ltd. The trial court did not accept the plea and fined Dixon. The prosecution was of the view that displaying data on screen or make a print of it amounts to leakage the information to some other person which is in violation of section 5(2) (b).The concerned court accepted the stance of the prosecution and sentenced the said accused. Since the word ‘use’ has no specific meaning in terms of relevant act, therefore, it should be treated a commonly used word. The said word did not confine someone to perform something specific. The word used with reference to data amounts to information recorded in a computer readable format i.e. on the screen or to make a print out of it. But as per the interpretation of law, a police officer who have an access to his personal data or to the data of his chief, if knowingly / intentionally pass on the in formation to another person for an improper use liable to punish under the said Act. Q.4. To what aids to statutory interpretation did Lord Goff refer? Your answer should indicate whether such aids are â€Å"intrinsic† or â€Å"extrinsic†. Answer: In accordance with the interpretation of Lord Goff the similar principles are applicable in the disclosing of information being no specific meaning of the word ‘disclose’ available in the referred Act as in the case of defining the word ‘use’. In view the said Lord information recorded in a computer readable format cannot be disclosed or pass on to others for its use other than the prescribed purposes. However, the section 1(9) put no bar as far

Changes in Earth's Albedo Measured by Satellite (Wielicki et al, 825) Essay

Changes in Earth's Albedo Measured by Satellite (Wielicki et al, 825) - Essay Example The global albedo is found to change with changes in the cloud cover, amount of atmospheric aerosols, and forest, snow, & ice cover on the earth’s surface. The magnitude of impact on global albedo due to events caused on earth can be demonstrated by the following example – A volcanic eruption in Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 released aerosols in the stratosphere, which raised global albedo by almost 0.007 in a span of two years. A larger increase in global albedo with unknown causes was reported to occur between 2001 and 2003. In order to investigate whether any significant changes in global albedo occurred between 2001 and 2003, Wielicki et al. examined the observations made by global satellites that measured changes in the earth’s albedo (825). These observations included those made by CERES (Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System) of NASA’s Terra spacecraft. The monthly anomalies in the data caused by seasonal changes were nullified and data was plotted. The data provided by CERES covers global observations for the complete solar spectrum ranging from a wavelength of 0.3 to 4 Â µm. The observations of the global data reveals a small decrease of about 0.006 in the global albedo corresponding to about 2 W m-2 decrease in the shortwave reflected flux. These results contradict with those obtained by Palle et al, who demonstrated a large increase of about 0.017 in the global albedo corresponding to an increase of about 6 W m-2 in the shortwave reflected flux. Independent observations made by two individual CERES instruments were compared. It is believed that the 1.1 W m-2 decrease in the flux observed by one of the CERES instruments could be due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation during a hemispheric scan. When taken into consideration, this further reduces the anomaly to 0.9 W m-2. Wielicki et al. further explain the effect of change in albedo on earth’s climate (825). When changes in land surface, aerosols, and fores t, snow and ice cover is the cause for change in albedo, then increasing albedo results cooling of the earth and decreasing albedo results in warming. These changes on earth’s surface significantly influence the amount of reflected solar radiation but have comparatively minor effects on the emitted thermal infrared radiation that results in cooling. Wielicki et al. contend that if observations made by Palle et al. were correct, then there would have been global cooling double of what had been observed in the Pinatubo eruption. However, such a global cooling was not observed. Furthermore, Wielicki et al. explain another possibility that the earth’s total ocean heat storage could witness a significant reduction. It is estimated that between 2000 to 2002, the ocean heat storage has experienced an increase of 0.7 W m-2. In order to account for the global changes in reflected solar flux, the flux in ocean heat storage was scaled to global surface area from an ocean-only are a utilized by Willis et al (Wielicki et al. 825). According to Wielicki et al, if changes in global albedo were occurring, then there would be a decrease of 0.7 Â ± 0.8 W m-2 in the reflected flux. This is found to be consistent with the observations made by CERES. Until now, only the effects of change in albedo have been discussed. Cloud changes may also be affecting both the earth’s albedo and its thermal infrared cooling, and may also be a cause for albedo changes that do not

Formulating A Research Problem Management Essay

Formulating A Research Problem Management Essay This section of the report is devoted to delivering a complete account and description of how the whole research was carried out, encapsulating the process involved along the way. Nevertheless, this section is pertinent in order to establish the credibility of the research by revealing the knowledge and mastery of the methodology utilized in the research (Clare and Hamilton 2003). Thus, according to Clare and Hamilton (2003) methodology comprises discussion of the research design, which includes strategies for carrying out the study, the participants engaged, how they were chosen and ethical concerns. Moreover, it contains the information of what data were gathered and how the data were sort out, evaluated and accomplished. Thus, methodology of a study represents how the researcher reports the problem and answers the attendant questions (Taylor and Bodgan 1998). Nonetheless, the research study adopted here is categorized as a descriptive study as it endeavours to pronounce analytically a condition, problem, occurrences, or make available information about the situation of a community or looks into attitudes towards an issue (Kumar 2011). However, describing the research process in the following stages allows the systematic unfolding of the study so that judgements could be made as to the credibility of the research. 3.1 FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM Formulating a research problem is the initial and most relevant stage in the research development as it constitutes a possibly problematic work (Kumar 2011). Besides, it does not basically involve selecting a topic, but approaching it purposefully (May 2003). Subsequently, it actually reveals what is intended to be investigated in a comprehensive and explicit manner since the entire research process is greatly influenced by the approach involved in formulating a research problem. Consequently, this problem can arise in a number of ways such as- by finding an unanswered theoretical problem, by detecting an empirical inconsistency, or by merely looking into how some supposedly understood part of social involvement or organization actually works (May 2003). However, in this present research relevant literatures that dwell upon how change is managed in project-based organization were reviewed as it is evident in the previous section emphasizing particularly on construction organization, which is a key example of a project-based organization (Bresnen 1990). Nevertheless, the rigorous and careful review of these relevant literatures unfolds a common feature amongst themselves which led to the formulating of a research problem represented in the form of a research question, which is How can change be managed effectively in a project-based organization to align with its organizational strategy, goals and objectives?. Moreover, the core function of formulating this research problem is to make a decision on what is to be investigated. Hence, the research problem is assessed taking into consideration the availability of financial resources, time, expertise and possession of knowledge in the field of study (Kumar 2011). According to Kumar (2011 pp.47), in the course of selecting a research problem, a list of factors are considered to make sure the study is practicable and motivation maintained throughout the period of the research. These factors include: Interest: Since a research attempt normally consumes time, consists of difficult task and probably faced with unanticipated issues, a great deal of interest in the research problem is necessary to stay motivated and devote substantial time and energy till the end of the research process. Magnitude: Reviewing several relevant literature helps in building up the knowledge base about the research process, however in the context of this research, possessing a vast knowledge about how change is managed in project-based organization enables the picturing of process involved in reaching the end of the anticipated study. Subsequently, the research problem is narrowed down to what is practicable, precise and clear. Hence, effective utilization of time and resources is considered when choosing a research problem. Measurement of Concepts: In formulating the research problem, the concept employed is ensured to be clear about its indicators and measurements. Nonetheless, in the research, factors such as communication, motivation, managerial support and culture are utilized in describing the concept of how change can be managed in project-based organizations. Thus, this does not hinder the development of other measurement procedure as the study evolves (Kumar 2011). Moreover, information in this research is acquired by the measurement and analysis of the variables; hence they are dependent on the purpose of the study. Level of expertise: A particular level of expertise is required for the proposed study, though added knowledge could be achieved from other literature sources and in the course of carrying out the investigation itself. Relevance: The selected research problem is of great significance as it contributes to the present body of knowledge. Hence, it is useful and its relevance keeps the interest of the study focussed. Availability of data: This is also considered in the formulating of the research problem since the availability of sufficient data from secondary sources enhances the drawing of insights that would be an immense influence in the execution of the research process, thus serving as a guideline for the current study. Ethical issues: In the quest of carrying out a research the target population may be unfavourably affected by the investigation either directly or indirectly. Nevertheless, how ethical issues affect the sample size and how ethical issues can be overcome is considered in the formulating of the research problem. 3.2 DESIGNING A RESEARCH STRATEGY A successful research requires a design in which its constituents function harmoniously together, upholding efficiency and effective working in the course of a research process (Maxwell 2005), thus a faulty or inconsistent design leads to a poor setup or eventually failure. Nonetheless, different conceptions of design is being utilized in several studies, some present the design as a simple sequence of steps or task involved in carrying out a study, while some shares the opinion that a research design should consist of circular and recursive stages (Marshall and Rossman 1999). However, the common features that exist amongst these conceptions of design is that they all contain the basic sequence of stages from the formulating of a research problem to the conclusion or establishment of theories. Subsequently, the research design adopted in this current study is reflective in nature and it operates through every phase of the task. Thus, this is typical of a qualitative study where all the activities such data collection and analysis, development and modification of theory, going into detail and changing of the research questions, and detecting and addressing validity threats are generally occurring in a simultaneous pattern, each inducing all of the others (Maxwell 2005). As a result, the design of this research in question is a continuing practice that involves re-examining the different components of the design and assessing their implications on the success of the overall research. Consequently, in the pursuit to carry out this current research, key components of a qualitative research design according to Maxwell (2005) are considered as follows; Goals: This study is carried out to develop an improved way of managing change in project-based organizations as new practices are implemented in the organization. Hence, the research looks into the issue of social human and organizational behaviour in project-based organization towards the adoption of new practices and maintenance of the existing ones. However, this research is actually embarked upon to understand the complexity of project-based organization and how its decentralized nature affects the spread of new ideas. Conceptual Framework: The conceptual framework utilized in the current research is based on the combination of the theoretical foundation of both Kotters (1995) eight-steps and Aiken and Kellers (2009) nine-insights. Nevertheless, these theoretical foundations were chosen in the sense that it creates analytical viewpoint of the relationship existing among the factors such as communication, motivation, managerial support and culture that have been acknowledged as relevant to the research problem (Sekaran 2003) according to the first chapter of the report. Moreover, the theoretical foundation flows rationally from the documentation of preceding research in the area of the research problem as seen in the literature review section. However, by incorporating personal views based on the insights drawn from other publications or research report, taking into considerations the scope of a construction firm in the context of a project-based organization, a scientific basis is developed for inv estigating the research problem (Sekaran 2003). Consequently, the theoretical framework as seen in Table 1 deliberates on the interrelationships in the midst of the variables which is seen as factors that is fundamental to the underlying forces of the condition being studied. Research Questions: The research question in this study is embedded in terms of the conceptual framework to which the theoretical foundation adopted is strongly reinforced (Wengraf 2001). However, in formulating the research question, due consideration is given so as to establish a relationship between the theoretical foundation and the empirical findings it seeks to reveal. Thus, the central research question developed in the quest of this study is How can change be managed effectively in a project-based organization to align with its organizational strategy, goals and objectives?. As a result, four theory questions are designed to broaden the scope of the central research question, besides, these theory questions are not interview questions, they govern the production of the interview questions, thus formulated in the theory language of the research community, while the interview questions are formulated in the language of the interviewees (Wengraf 2001). A sample of these question s is evident in Appendix 1. Furthermore, these central research, theory and interview questions collectively pose questions that the study is meant to answer. Methods: The method of research applied in this study is qualitative, which constitutes interview studies utilizing open-ended interview questions to investigate the research problem, thus follow a more deductive approach (May 2003). Nevertheless, the research adopts a structured approach in the sense that all the components of the research process such as the objectives, design, sample, interview questions are predetermined. However, the structured approach is more suitable since it define the extent of the issue or phenomenon (Kumar 2011), which is How can change be managed effectively in a project-based organization to align with its organizational strategy, goals and objectives?. In the quest to achieve easy access to the prospective interviewees, letters were written to different construction firms in the U.K. Nonetheless, these letters were put forward to them via email and posting. A sample of this letter is seen in Appendix 4. Consequently, after the efforts through the email and posting proved abortive, several phone calls served as an alternative means of contacting the interviewees and confirming the receipt of the despatched letters. Subsequently, a breakthrough was achieved when a senior manager of a construction firm agreed to grant the permission for the interview. As a result of the latter, the interview was held via the telephone at different periods due to the busy schedules and availability of the interviewees. However, substantial data were gathered and transcribed as seen in Appendix 2 and 3, thus serving as a source of information utilized in the development of the primary field framework as evident in Table 1 and the analysis of the researc h outcome in the subsequent chapter. However, this research being theoretically devoted selected a carefully targeted sample that is well positioned to light up the issue under investigation (May 2003), thus the sampling strategy adopted made available a competent way to get answers to enormous questions utilizing relatively small population. Subsequently, to achieve the practicability of this study a construction firm is chosen as a key example of a project-based organization in the U.K (Bresnen 1990) and described by Lindkvist (2004) as being a radical project-based organization. Nevertheless, the interview is based upon the implementation of Visual planning tool, which is a new project management tool utilized by the construction firm based in the U.K and involved in various construction projects. The senior manager, who is responsible for the implementation of the VP aided in facilitating the interview, hence avoiding the issue of obtaining fabricated answers from the interviewees. In the context of this investigati on, a construction firm form the basis from which the sample is drawn (Clark et al 2000). In the light of the above, this research utilizes a non-probability sampling known as convenience sampling (Clark et al 2000). Moreover, in the context of this research, convenience sampling is not a sample in the sense that the selection is done based on the distribution of several characteristic (Clark et al 2000), rather the sample is chosen because they share certain very clearly defined core characteristics as seen in the case of the senior manager and two site managers chosen for the purpose of this research. Thus, the sample is selected based on the variation in significant factors under investigation (May 2003). Consequently, the success of the interview study is highly dependent on the aforementioned assembling of theoretically grounded questions and accessible interview schedules. Thus, the interviewees who offered to contribute intimate information about their lives and time were given a clear, comprehensive and reassuring guide throughout the process of interviewing (May 2003). However, these interview questions were sent to the interviewees via email prior to the main interviewing to serve as a guide during the interview sections. In the analytic process adopted in this study, the extant conceptual framework developed from the data gathered in the course of qualitative interview, and as evident in Table 1 suggests a set of predetermined categories (Symon and Cassell 1998). Thus, these set of predetermined categories are as follows; Communication Motivation Managerial Support and; Culture. However, the extant conceptual framework based upon the theoretical foundation of Kotters (1995) eight-steps and Aiken and Kellers (2009) nine-insights reveals the emerging factors embedded in the aforementioned categories. Hence, the interrelationship among the variable that are fundamental to the changing aspects of the condition being examined (Sekaran 2003), which entail how change is managed in a construction firm will be discussed in the fourth chapter, where the outcome of the research will be analysed. Validity: Subsequently, the theoretical framework developed from the data gathered during the qualitative interview conducted could offer a conceptual foundation to proceed with a further research and also gives rise to testable theory that can be developed to examine whether the conclusion reached or theory formulated in this research is valid or not (Sekaran 2003). Thus, a quantitative method based upon the extant theoretical framework is recommended for further research. 3.3 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Fundamental ethical issues were considered in the course of this research. However, the confidentiality and anonymity of the interviewees highlighted in the letters distributed is carried over into the writing-up of the reports. Thus, the identities of the interviewees are represented in a disguised form, while the information and data gathered is reported anonymously (Clark et al 2000). Nevertheless, the construction firm under investigation point out that the privacy and confidentiality of their business secrets and practices be protected by avoiding the recording of the conversation via the telephone and present them with an evidence of the research findings in a short report, thus ascertaining the relevance of the research to the construction firm in question (Symon and Cassell). On the other hand, promises of anonymity such as that present in the letter despatched, permitted the interviewees to express more reality about their view concerning the attendant question put forward t o them (Symon and Cassell 1988). Moreover, the interview ends normally as the interviewees complete their responses, besides the interview was conducted at different times due to busy schedules and availability of the interviewees. Hereafter, commendation is put forward to the interviewees for the time and energy contributed to the interview. In the light of the above, this section reveals how the entire research is carried out and why the methods employed were adopted, thus making sense of the research credibility by demonstrating the understanding of the methodology utilized in the study. Consequently, it highlights the ethical concerns arising from the research and how they were addressed. Hence, lay emphasis on what data were collected and how they were handled, evaluated and accomplished, which will be discussed in the subsequent chapter.